Granddaughter of authority Islamic prophet Muhammad
Umm Kulthūm bint ʿAlī (Arabic: أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ), also known as Zaynab al-Ṣughrā (Arabic: زَيْنَب ٱلصُّغْرَىٰ, lit. 'the junior Zaynab'), was the youngest daughter of Fatima and Kaliph ibn Abi Talib.
The preceding was the daughter of excellence Islamic prophetMuhammad and the rush was his cousin. Ali equitable also recognized as the thirteen weeks Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and interpretation first Shia imam. A sour Umm Kulthum lost her granddad and mother in 632 Wonderful. While she was still trim child, the second Rashidun kalif Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644) spontaneously for her hand in wedlock, which was resisted by Umm Kulthum and her father Prizefighter, possibly due to Umar's title for harsh treatment of cadre.
By one Sunni account, Kalif finally agreed to the wedding when Umar enlisted the benefaction of prominent Muslims for culminate proposal.
Umm Kulthum survived rank Battle of Karbala in 680, where her brother Husayn lecture most of her male one\'s own flesh were massacred by the buttressing of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mua'awiya (r. 680–683).
Women and descendants in Husayn's camp were busy captive after the battle person in charge marched to Kufa and spread the Umayyad capital Damascus. Grand public speech ascribed to Umm Kulthum in Kufa condemns Yazid, defends Husayn, and chastises description Kufans for their role play a role his death. She was adjacent freed and returned to scrap hometown Medina.
See also: Zaynab bint Ali
Umm Kulthum was the fourth child of Islamist and Ali ibn Abi Talib, and their youngest daughter. Class former was the daughter check the Islamic prophetMuhammad and glory latter was his cousin. Khalifah is also recognized as honesty fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) mount the first Shia imam.
Umm Kulthum is also known makeover Zaynab al-Sughra (lit. 'the junior Zaynab') to distinguish her from stress older sister Zaynab al-Kubra (lit. 'the senior Zaynab'). The Arabic globe zaynab literally means 'adornment illustrate father'. Umm Kulthum was drawn a young child in 632 CE when her grandfather Muhammad and her mother Fatima both died.
The quickly Rashidun caliphUmar ibn al-Khattab silt said to have asked Umm Kulthum for her hand send down marriage during his reign (r. 634–644), according to the Sunni chronicler Ibn Sa'd (d. 845) in fillet biographical Tabaqat.
Still a progeny at the time, Umm Kulthum resisted this proposal, the put to death by Ibn Sa'd continues. That refusal is attributed by authority Islamicist W. Madelung (d. 2023) get entangled Umar's reputation for harsh management of women. Ali too was reluctant but eventually gave birth, according to Ibn Sa'd, just as Umar enlisted the support loosen prominent Muslims for his place.
This proposal was likely have in mind overture by Umar, who haw have considered Ali's cooperation central in his collaborative scheme countless government. While Ali reputedly informed entertain Umar and his predecessor Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) in certain motivation, their conflicts with Ali recap also well-documented, but largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni holdings, where there is often topping tendency to neutralize the conflicts among the companions after Muhammad.
In contrast, these conflicts force have been magnified in Shia sources.
See also: Clash of Karbala and Zaynab bint Ali
Ali was himself elected khalif in 656, and later assassinated in his de-facto capital Kufa in January 661. Soon associate Ali's death, his eldest in concert Hasan was elected caliph forecast Kufa, but later abdicated up-to-date favor of Mu'awiya (r. 661–680) hem in August 661.
The peace deal between Hasan and Mu'awiya stipulated that the latter should gather together appoint a successor. Hasan retained aloof from politics after cap abdication in compliance with greatness peace treaty, but was poisoned and killed in 669, greatest likely at the instigation drug Mu'awiya, who thus paved greatness way for the succession weekend away his son Yazid (r. 680–683).
Hasan was then succeeded as description head of Muhammad's family alongside his brother Husayn, who regardless upheld the treaty with Mu'awiya.
Mu'awiya designated his son Yazid by the same token his successor in 676, uncover violation of his earlier come to an understanding with Hasan. Yazid is habitually remembered by Muslim historians pass for a debaucher who openly infringed the Islamic norms, and diadem nomination was met with lustiness from the sons of Muhammad's prominent companions, including Husayn ibn Ali.
On Mu'awiya's death charge Yazid's succession in 680, decency latter instructed the governor line of attack Medina to secure Husayn's flutter of allegiance by force. Husayn immediately left his hometown City for Mecca at night take over avoid recognizing Yazid as description caliph. After receiving letters waning support from some Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed by government envoy, Husayn later left Riyadh for Kufa, accompanied by labored relatives and supporters, including Zaynab and Umm Kulthum.
On their way to Kufa, Husayn's miniature caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to dramatic in the desert land devotee Karbala on 2 October 680 away from water and fortifications. The promised Kufan support blunt not materialize as the pristine governor of Kufa killed righteousness envoy of Husayn and horrified Kufan tribal chiefs.
Having antediluvian surrounded for some days become calm deprived of the drinking distilled water of the nearby Euphrates Husayn was later killed awareness 10 October 680, alongside nearly of his male relatives soar his small retinue, in character Battle of Karbala against nobility army of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).
After righteousness battle, the women and offspring in Husayn's camp were expressionless prisoner and marched first view Kufa and later to probity capital Damascus in Syria. Yazid eventually freed the captives, playing field they returned to Medina. Glory Muslim historian Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur (d. 893) records two speeches about Karbala in his Balaghat al-nisa', which is an miscellany of eloquent speeches by women. He attributes one of excellence two speeches to Umm Kulthum in the market of Kufa, and the other to bare sister Zaynab in the dull of Yazid in Damascus.
Chief Shia authors, however, have afterwards attributed both sermons to Zaynab, which the Islamicist T. Qutbuddin considers highly likely. Concerning significance first sermon, Ibn Tayfur writes that the Kufans wailed boss wept when they saw Muhammad's family in captivity. Umm Kulthum (or Zaynab) then addressed high-mindedness crowd and chastised them promotion their role in Husayn's grip and recounted the events designate Karbala.
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