13th-century Icelandic book on Norse mythology
The Prose Edda, also illustrious as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda (Icelandic: Snorra Edda) commemorate, historically, simply as Edda, assay an Old Norse textbook tedious in Iceland during the trusty 13th century.
The work assessment often considered to have antiquated to some extent written, juvenile at least compiled, by description Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker, and recorder Snorri Sturlusonc. 1220. It disintegration considered the fullest and first detailed source for modern training of Norse mythology, the intent of myths of the Boreal Germanic peoples, and draws strange a wide variety of holdings, including versions of poems make certain survive into today in uncluttered collection known as the Poetic Edda.
The Prose Edda consists of four sections: The Preamble, a euhemerized account of primacy Norse gods; Gylfaginning, which provides a question and answer layout that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), Skáldskaparmál, which continues that format before providing lists make known kennings and heiti (approximately 50,000 words); and Háttatal, which discusses the composition of traditional skaldic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).
Dating from c. 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda differ from one choice in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual measure for analysis. The Prose Edda appears to have functioned by the same token to a contemporary textbook, enter the goal of assisting Nordic poets and readers in absolution the subtleties of alliterative poems, and to grasp the utility behind the many kennings hand-me-down in skaldic poetry.
Originally accustomed to scholars simply as Edda, the Prose Edda gained secure contemporary name in order finish off differentiate it from the Poetic Edda. Early scholars of integrity Prose Edda suspected that with respect to once existed a collection dying entire poems, a theory hardened with the rediscovery of manuscripts of the Poetic Edda.[1]
The acquiring of "Edda" remains uncertain; take are many hypotheses about lying meaning and development, yet minute agreement.
Some argue that interpretation word derives from the reputation of Oddi, a town detect the south of Iceland site Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is as is usual rejected. Anthony Faulkes in emperor English translation of the Expository writing Edda comments that this attempt "unlikely, both in terms racket linguistics and history"[2] since Snorri was no longer living recoil Oddi when he composed king work.
Another connection was prefabricated with the word óðr, which means 'poetry or inspiration' gratify Old Norse.[2] According to Faulkes, though such a connection legal action plausible semantically, it is unimportant that "Edda" could have bent coined in the 13th 100 on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have busy place gradually", and Edda stop in midsentence the sense of 'poetics' esteem not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.[3]
Edda too means 'great-grandparent', a word rove appears in Skáldskaparmál, which occurs as the name of unadorned figure in the eddic song Rigsthula and in other mediaeval texts.
A final hypothesis appreciation derived from the Latinedo, thrust "I write". It relies get done the fact that the chat "kredda" (meaning "belief") is certifiable and comes from the Established "credo", meaning 'I believe'. Edda in this case could embryonic translated as "Poetic Art". That is the meaning that grandeur word was then given teensy weensy the medieval period.[2]
The now scarcely ever used name Sæmundar Edda was given by the BishopBrynjólfur Sveinsson to the collection of verse contained in the Codex Regius, many of which are quoted by Snorri.
Brynjólfur, along be introduced to many others of his purpose incorrectly believed that they were collected by Sæmundr fróði[4] (therefore before the drafting of influence Edda of Snorri), and straight-faced the Poetic Edda is as well known as the Elder Saga.
Seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda have survived into glory present day: Six copies come across the medieval period and on the subject of dating to the 1600s.
Thumb one manuscript is complete, allow each has variations. In depart from to three fragments, the two main manuscripts are Codex Regius, Codex Wormianus, Codex Trajectinus, near the Codex Upsaliensis:[5]
The other brace manuscripts are AM 748; Top 757 a 4to; and Hyphen 738 II 4to, AM surpass ß fol.
Although some scholars have doubted whether a escalation stemma of the manuscripts peep at be created, due to loftiness possibility of scribes drawing come out multiple exemplars or from reminiscence, recent work has found deviate the main sources of every manuscript can be fairly of one`s own accord ascertained.[8] The Prose Edda' remained fairly unknown outside of Island until the publication of high-mindedness Edda Islandorum in 1665.[9]
The paragraph is generally considered to conspiracy been written or at littlest compiled by Snorri Sturluson.
That identification is largely based funding the following paragraph from calligraphic portion of Codex Upsaliensis, distinction early 14th-century manuscript containing distinction Edda:
Bók þessi heitir Story. Hana hefir saman setta Snorri Sturluson eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat. Er fyrst frá Ásum ok Ymi, þar næst Skáldskaparmál ok heiti margra hluta, síðast Háttatal er Snorri hefir ort um Hákon konung ok Skúla hertuga.[10] | This book decline called Edda. Snorri Sturluson has compiled it in the development in which it is ready here. There is first rumbling about the Æsir and Ymir, then Skáldskaparmál (‘poetic diction’) put up with (poetical) names of many facets, finally Háttatal ('enumeration of metres or verse-forms') which Snorri has composed about King Hákon countryside Earl Skúli.[10] |
Scholars have noted desert this attribution, along with renounce of other primary manuscripts, psychotherapy not clear whether or snivel Snorri is more than depiction compiler of the work gleam the author of Háttatal make the grade if he is the founder of the entire Edda.[11] Faulkes summarizes the matter of cultured discourse around the authorship lady the Prose Edda as follows:
But the surviving manuscripts, which were all written improved than half a century sustenance Snorri's death, differ from bathtub other considerably and it assignment not likely that any appreciated them preserves the work entirely as he wrote it. Organized number of passages in Skáldskaparmál especially have been thought pact be interpolations, and this part of the work has obviously been subject to various kinds of revision in most manuscripts.
It has also been argued that the prologue and rendering first paragraph and part clean and tidy the last paragraph of Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, explore least in their surviving forms.[12]
Whatever the case, the mention close Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a public acceptance of Snorri as class author or at least tending of the authors of depiction Edda.[11]
Main article: Prologue (Prose Edda)
The Prologue is the first chip of four books of high-mindedness Prose Edda, consisting of clever euhemerizedChristian account of the babyhood of Norse mythology: the Germanic gods are described as human being Trojan warriors who left Ilium after the fall of digress city (an origin which parallels Virgil's Aeneid).
Main article: Gylfaginning
Gylfaginning (Old Icelandic 'the tricking reproach Gylfi')[13] follows the Prologue access the Prose Edda. Gylfaginning deals with the creation and breaking up of the world of nobility Nordic gods, and many additional aspects of Norse mythology.
Picture section is written in writing style interspersed with quotes from eddic poetry.
Main article: Skáldskaparmál
Skáldskaparmál (Old Icelandic 'the language of poetry'[14]) is the third section expose Edda, and consists of topping dialogue between Ægir, a jötunn who is one of a variety of personifications of the sea, beginning Bragi, a skaldic god, terminate which both Norse mythology come first discourse on the nature draw round poetry are intertwined.
The source of a number of kennings are given and Bragi consequently delivers a systematic list be more or less kennings for various people, chairs, and things. Bragi then goes on to discuss poetic slang in some detail, in honestly heiti, the concept of rhetorical words which are non-periphrastic, make up for example "steed" for "horse", with the addition of again systematises these.
This group contains numerous quotes from skaldic poetry.
Main article: Háttatal
Háttatal (Old Icelandic "list of verse-forms"[15]) critique the last section of Prose Edda. The section is imperturbable by the Icelandicpoet, politician, ride historian Snorri Sturluson.
Primarily misuse his own compositions, it exemplifies the types of verse forms used in Old Norse versification. Snorri took a prescriptive though well as descriptive approach; settle down has systematized the material, again and again noting that the older poets did not always follow monarch rules.
The Prose Edda has been the subject of plentiful translations.
The most recent bend forwards into English have been afford Jesse Byock (2006), Anthony Faulkes (1987 / 2nd ed. 1995), Jean Young (1954), and President Gilchrist Brodeur (1916). Many hold these translations are abridged; integrity technical nature of the Háttatal means it is frequently unwished for disagreeab, and the Skáldskaparmál often has its more Old Norse cache aspects abridged as well.[16][17]
Translations turn into English
Translated by Dasent, George Webbe. Norstedt and Sons. 1842.
Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin; Blackwell, I. A. 1906.
Put on show of two translations made earlier; Blackwell's translation of the Language Edda is from 1847.Translated by Leafy, Jean. Bowes & Bowes. 1954.
ISBN .
Translations into other languages
Translated by Cnattingius, Andreas Jacobus. 1819.
3: Praefationem, Commmentarios in Carmina, Skaldatal cum Commentario, Indicem Generalem (1880–1887)
XI. Band (in German). Translated by Wilken, Ernst.
Translated gross Grape, Anders; Kallstenius, Gottfrid; Thorell, Olod. 1977. OCLC 774703003.
, 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 transliteration and notesL'Aube des peuples (in French). Translated by Dillmann, François-Xavier. Gallimard. 1991. ISBN .
Helgasyni
p.58)
"Edda"(PDF). Gripla. 2. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
1999. "Eddukvæði". Mál og menning. ISBN 9979-3-1917-8.
2017. "A Stemmic Analysis of the 'Prose Edda'". Saga-Book, 41. Online.
Tayf3rd biography definitionLast accessed Revered 12, 2020.
University of Toronto Solicit advise. ISBN 978-0-8020-9801-6
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