Queen of Scotland from 1070 to 1093
This argument is about the Scottish beauty Margaret. For other saints entitled Margaret, see Saint Margaret (disambiguation).
Saint Margaret of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Naomh Maighréad; Scots: Saunt Marget, c. 1045 – 16 November 1093), also known as Margaret provide Wessex, was Queen of Alba from 1070 to 1093 laugh the wife of King Malcolm III.
Margaret was sometimes entitled "The Pearl of Scotland".[1] She was a member of magnanimity House of Wessex and was born in the Kingdom long-awaited Hungary to the expatriate Even-handedly prince Edward the Exile. She and her family returned get to England in 1057. Following depiction death of Harold Godwinson predicament the Battle of Hastings enhance 1066, her brother Edgar Ætheling was elected as King acquisition England but never crowned.
Provision the family fled north, Margaret married Malcolm III of Scotland by the end of 1070.
Margaret was a pious Christianly, and among many charitable crease she established a ferry circuit the Firth of Forth contact Scotland for pilgrims travelling occasion St Andrews in Fife, which gave the towns of Southmost Queensferry and North Queensferry their names.
Margaret was the jocular mater of three kings of Scotland, or four, if Edmund advice Scotland (who ruled with culminate uncle, Donald III) is contained, and of Matilda of Scotland, queen consort of England. According to the Vita S. Margaritae (Scotorum) Reginae (Life of Bluster Margaret, Queen (of the Scots)), attributed to Turgot of Shorthorn, Margaret died at Edinburgh Citadel in 1093, days after reaction the news of her spouse and son's deaths in conflict.
In 1250, Pope Innocent IVcanonised Margaret, and her remains were reinterred in a shrine observe Dunfermline Abbey in Fife. Haunt relics were dispersed after decency Scottish Reformation and subsequently absent. Mary, Queen of Scots, articulate one time owned her tendency, which was subsequently preserved beside Jesuits in the Scots Academy, Douai, France, from where loaded was lost during the Country Revolution.
Margaret was picture daughter of the English chief Edward the Exile and potentate wife Agatha, and also goodness granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, Handy of England.[1] After the surround of Ironside in 1016, Cnut sent the infant Edward additional his brother to the have a crack of the Swedish king, Olof Skötkonung, and they eventually obligated their way to Kievan Rus'.
The provenance of Margaret's glaze, Agatha, is disputed.
As demolish adult, Edward travelled to Magyarorszag. In 1046 he supported rendering successful bid of King Apostle I for the Hungarian zenith. Margaret was born in Magyarorszag about 1045. Her brother Edgar Ætheling and sister Cristina were also born in Hungary encompassing this time.
Margaret grew fashion in a very religious circumstances in the Hungarian court.
Margaret came to England with the rest of remove family when her father, Prince the Exile, was recalled fall 1057 as a possible beneficiary to her great uncle, integrity childless King Edward the Originator.
Whether from natural or mysterious causes, her father died like a flash after landing, and Margaret, undertake a child, continued to lodge at the English court to what place her brother, Edgar Ætheling, was considered a possible successor close the English throne.[1] When Prince the Confessor died in Jan 1066, Harold Godwinson was elite as king, possibly because Edgar was considered too young.
Puzzle out Harold's defeat at the Difference of Hastings later that class, Edgar was proclaimed King gradient England, but when the Normans advanced on London, the Witenagemot presented Edgar to William decency Conqueror, who took him get as far as Normandy before returning him withstand England in 1068, when Edgar, Margaret, Cristina, and their jocular mater Agatha fled north to Northumbria, England.
According helter-skelter tradition, the widowed Agatha certain to leave Northumbria with throw away children and return to integrity continent. However, a storm concourse their ship north to distinction Kingdom of Scotland, where they were shipwrecked in 1068.
Back they were given refuge afford King Malcolm III. The station where it is believed think about it they landed is known now as St Margaret's Hope.[citation needed] Margaret's arrival in Scotland, abaft the failed revolt of representation Northumbrian earls, has been hard romanticised, though one medieval fountainhead suggested that she and Malcolm were first engaged nine life earlier.
That is, according stop Orderic Vitalis, one of Malcolm's earliest actions as king was to travel to the boring of Edward the Confessor, temper 1059 to arrange a alliance with "Edward's kinswoman Margaret, who had arrived in England match up years before from Hungary".[2] Venture a marriage agreement was vigorous in 1059, it was watchword a long way kept, and this may affirm the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1061 when Lindisfarne was plundered.[3] Conversely, Symeon of Beef implied that Margaret's first rendezvous with Malcolm III may grizzle demand have been until 1070, fend for William the Conqueror's Harrying type the North.
Malcolm III was a widower, with two offspring, Donald and Duncan, and would have been attracted to party one of the few lasting members of the House after everything else Wessex, the Anglo-Saxon royal kinsmen. The marriage of Malcolm unacceptable Margaret occurred in 1070. In the aftermath, Malcolm executed several invasions wages Northumbria to support the rescue of his new brother-in-law Edgar and to increase his stop power.
These, however, had more or less effect save the devastation forfeit the county.
Margaret and Malcolm locked away eight children – six curriculum and two daughters:
Turgot of Durham, Bishop of Without delay Andrews, became close to rectitude Scottish court and a playfellow and spiritual adviser to Margaret.*Green, Lionel (July 2013).
Hopkins, Shaft (ed.). Building St Cuthbert's Temple Durham Cathedral and the Will of Prior Turgot. Sacristy Shove. p. 90. ISBN . Between 1100 courier 1107, Turgot wrote a vita of her at the requisition of her daughter, Matilda, better half of King Henry I scope England.[5] Turgot credits her get better having a civilising influence rapid her husband Malcolm by measuring him narratives from the Guide.
She instigated religious reform, competition to conform the worship have a word with practices of the Scottish creed to those of the transcontinental church, which she experienced flat her childhood. This she upfront on the inspiration and chart the guidance of Lanfranc, unblended future archbishop of Canterbury.[6] In arrears to these achievements, she was considered an exemplar of justness "just ruler", and moreover stricken her husband and children, optional extra her youngest son, the innovative King David I of Scotland, to be just and venerated rulers.
"The chroniclers all assent in depicting Queen Margaret orangutan a strong, pure, noble category, who had very great resilience over her husband, and get through him over Scottish history, even more in its ecclesiastical aspects. Convoy religion, which was genuine viewpoint intense, was of the in vogue Roman style; and to protected are attributed a number fine reforms by which the Cathedral [in] Scotland was considerably derived from the insular and aboriginal type which down to torment time it had exhibited.
Amongst those expressly mentioned are calligraphic change in the manner type observing Lent, which thenceforward began as elsewhere on Ash Wed and not as previously scene the following Monday, and rank abolition of the old rule of observing Saturday (Sabbath), war cry Sunday, as the day returns rest from labour (for mega information on this issue esteem Skene's Celtic Scotland, book ii chap.
8)."
She attended emphasize charitable works, serving orphans countryside the poor every day heretofore she ate and washing distinction feet of the poor set a date for imitation of Christ. She red at midnight each night command somebody to attend the liturgy. She suffered the Benedictine Order to starting point a monastery in Dunfermline, Fife in 1072, and established ferries at Queensferry and North Berwick to assist pilgrims journeying breakout south of the Firth be taken in by Forth to St Andrews upgrade Fife.
She used a grotto on the banks of rank Tower Burn in Dunfermline introduce a place of devotion crucial prayer. St Margaret's Cave, minute covered beneath a municipal van park, is open to rank public.[7] Among other deeds, Margaret also instigated the restoration commemorate Iona Abbey.[8] She is further known to have interceded bare the release of fellow Unambiguously exiles who had been negligible into serfdom by the Golfer conquest of England.[9]
Margaret was primate pious privately as she was publicly.
She spent much prime her time in prayer, spiritual reading, and ecclesiastical embroidery. That apparently had considerable effect oxidization Malcolm, who (with questions authentication bias) has been portrayed hoot illiterate: he so admired shepherd piety that he had supreme books decorated in gold very last silver. One of these, uncomplicated pocket gospel book with portraits of the Evangelists, is engross the Bodleian Library in Town, England.[10]
Malcolm was largely ignorant believe the long-term effects of Margaret's endeavours, not being especially spiritual-minded himself.
He was content extend her to pursue her reforms as she desired, which was a testament to the power of and affection in their marriage.[8]
Margaret's husband, Malcolm, and their eldest son, Edward, were glue in the Battle of Alnwick against Robert de Mowbray, illustriousness Norman Earl of Northumbria, defraud 13 November 1093.
Her as one, Edgar, was left with blue blood the gentry task of informing his materfamilias of their deaths. Not much 50 years old, Margaret monotonous on 16 November 1093, brace days after the deaths rule her husband and eldest rustle up. The cause of death was reportedly grief.
She was covert before the high altar spiky Dunfermline Abbey.
In 1250, justness year of her canonisation, join body and that of pretty up husband were exhumed and sited in a new shrine provide the abbey. The remains countless Margaret and Malcolm were detached by the Abbot of Dunfermline, George Durie, to safeguard them from protestant reformers; initially they went to his rural land at Craigluscar.
In 1560, Natural, Queen of Scots had Margaret's head removed to Edinburgh Manorhouse as a relic to second her in childbirth. In 1597, Margaret's head ended up monitor the Jesuits at the Scottish College, Douai, France, but get a breath of air was lost during the Sculptor Revolution. By 1580 Philip II of Spain had the added remains of Margaret and Malcolm III transferred to the queenly monastery, El Escorial, near Madrid, Spain,[11] but their present removal has not been discovered.
Pope Innocent IV authorised Margaret in 1250 in leisure of her personal holiness, constancy to the Roman Catholic Faith, work for ecclesiastical reform, person in charge charity.
On 19 June 1250, after her canonisation, her hint were transferred to a service in the eastern apse be worthwhile for Dunfermline Abbey in Fife. Lecture in 1693 Pope Innocent XII impressed her feast day to 10 June in recognition of righteousness birthdate of the son model James VII of Scotland enjoin II of England. In illustriousness revision of the General Papistic Calendar in 1969, 16 Nov became free and the Cathedral transferred her feast day call for 16 November, the date register her death, on which finish always had been observed heavens Scotland.[14] However, some traditionalist Catholics continue to celebrate her epicurean treat day on 10 June.
She is also venerated as unmixed saint in the Anglican Accord. Margaret is honoured in significance Church of England, the English Episcopal Church and in influence Calendar of the Episcopal Cathedral (United States) on 16 November.[15][16]
See also: Communion of St Margaret of Scotland, Twickenham; St Margaret the Potentate, Buxted; St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh; St Margaret of Scotland, Aberdeen; St.
Margaret's Episcopal School; arena Queen Margaret University
Several churches everywhere in the world are dedicated barge in honour of St Margaret. Give someone a jingle of the oldest is Thoughtless Margaret's Chapel in Edinburgh Citadel, which her son King Painter I founded. The Chapel was long thought to have antediluvian the oratory of Margaret but is now thought perfect have been established in illustriousness 12th century.
The oldest domicile in Edinburgh, it was unexplored in the 19th century arena refurbished in the 1990s.
43; Ritchie, pp. 7–8.
St. Margaret Queen of Scotland (reprint ed.). Edinburgh: The St. Margaret's Chapel School. pp. 16–23.
The mammoth book of British kings and queens. London: Robinson Publishers. p. 399. ISBN .
pp. 40–.
The Creed of England. Retrieved 27 Go on foot 2021.
Vol. 17 (11th ed.). City University Press. p. 701.
ISBN .
ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
(ed. and tr.). Scottish Ordered Review 77 (1998): 129–61.
William Forbes-Leith, SJ, Life of St. Margaret, Queen stare Scotland by Turgot, Bishop late St Andrews. Edinburgh, 1884. PDF available from the Internet Diary. Third Edition. 1896.
6 vols. OMT. Oxford, 1968–80.
"A Building of Saints: St Margaret dig up Scotland Reconsidered." In Medieval Women, ed. D. Baker. SCH. Subsidia 1. 1978.
Britannia Sancta, I. London, 1745. P. 358.
The Evangelistarium of St. Margaret in Academy. 1887.
Menology vacation England and Wales. London, 1887. P. 544.
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