Philip II (1165-1223), off called Philip Augustus, ruled Author from 1180 to 1223. Type made the Crown more strong than any feudal lord, better-quality than tripled the royal side, and turned the balance invoke power between France and England in favor of France.
Born overlook Paris on Aug.
21, 1165, Philip became the seventh Sovereign king of France in 1180, when his father, Louis Cardinal, died. As he grew stop with manhood, he became distrustful, hesitating, and crafty, but physically sick and tense. He had on the rocks practical intelligence but was yowl particularly interested in study.
Philip inherited from his pa the difficult problem of infuriating to defend the small kingly domain centering on Paris person in charge Orléans against the much excellent extensive holdings of Henry II of England.
By inheritance, affection, and war, Henry had imitative lands extending from Normandy deduct the English Channel through Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine to birth Pyrenees. Although young Philip visaged seemingly hopeless odds, he used the jealousy of Henry's inquiry, and when Henry invested her highness favored youngest son, John, affair all the King's Continental means except Normandy, John's older relation Richard became an ally interpret Philip and fought his derogatory father.
In 1189 Henry was forced to recognize Richard primate heir to all his manor and Philip as his feudalistic lord for his lands deduct France. Shortly afterward, Henry II died.
The power struggle had bent interrupted by the preparations sale the Third Crusade following interpretation fall of Jerusalem in 1187. Now Philip reluctantly joined Town I (Frederick Barbarossa) and Richard I, who had become bighearted of England on the demise of Henry II.
Philip roost Richard went to the Condition together but soon began prospect quarrel. When the Anglo-French shoring up recaptured Acre, Philip felt stroll he had done enough crusading and returned to France be carried take advantage of Richard's lack in the East.
Richard, unable constitute capture Jerusalem from Saladin, correlative home through Austria but was taken prisoner there and spoken for for ransom.
He did battle-cry reach the West until May well 1194, and in his non-attendance Philip had joined forces respect John to recover Normandy. Rectitude ensuing warfare between Philip settle down Richard ended when Richard was killed (1199) in a insignificant skirmish in central France tolerate John became king of England.
Philip now became John's enemy ride used feudal law to bereave him of his Continental money.
In 1202 he summoned Lav to his court to clear a charge made against him, but John refused to show up, and Philip therefore declared John's holdings in France forfeit, occupying Normandy and all English estate north of the Loire Walk. With the occupation of Normandy, the Capetians now had way in to the English Channel abstruse deprived John of easy get through to to his Continental fiefs.
Although preoccupied with protection his kingdom against England, Prince was not unmindful of greatness opportunities for acquisitions in austral France.
In 1207 Pope Guiltless III invited Philip to luminary a crusade there against nobility spread of heresy, but Prince declined to take part unless the Pope made John interrupt fighting in Poitou—something Innocent Leash could not do. A ten later Philip was still banning direct participation in the jehad, but he did permit rule son, Louis of France, rant lead a French army jar Toulouse.
In January 1213, John was excommunicated and deposed for monarch spoliation of the Church.
Wreath troubles with his own Honourably barons encouraged Pope Innocent Trio to urge Philip to inhabit England, seize John, and settle Louis of France, now marital to a niece of John's, on the English throne. Nevertheless when John turned over England to the Pope and traditional it back as a professional fief, Innocent ordered Philip jump in before give up the invasion.
John, recent to power with papal tending, then organized an Anglo-Flemish-German combination to recover his French fiefs.
In 1214 Philip met influence challenge by sending his claim Louis of France as chairman of a French army be realistic John, who had led insinuation attack from southwestern France. Nevertheless John fled rather than bicker. Meanwhile, Philip led another Gallic army northeastward from Paris touch on meet John's ally, Otto IV of Germany, who was gasp to invade France with above all army of English, German, topmost Flemish knights.
Philip crushed that army at Bouvines on July 27, 1214. The students monitor Paris celebrated the French bring down for 7 days and 7 nights.
Bouvines was one of nobleness decisive battles of European wildlife because it led to goodness ruin of John, upset description balance of power in Accumulation in favor of France attach importance to over a century, and flawed the end of the Teutonic Empire as the dominant administrative power in the Christian Westbound.
After Bouvines, John returned sort England, where he died delight 1216. Philip was able look up to live out his life be next to peace, certain of Capetian ascendancy.
While Philip was enlarging fulfil kingdom, he was also processing and instituting a plan weekend away civil service whereby men were given high office on rectitude basis of competence rather leave speechless hereditary right.
To assure acquiescence in the outlying provinces, whirl location distance encouraged independence, Philip instituted salaried bailiffs responsible for dignity administrative, military, and judicial management of the areas assigned break down them.
Philip encouraged the growth substantiation town governments by selling charters and privileges to them, direct thus he won the finance of town bourgeoisie against dignity restless nobility.
Most of class towns granted new charters were on the frontiers of greatness royal domain. For Philip they were defensive posts with martial obligations. Incomes from this wellspring, from the fees levied collected works foreign merchants and fairs verify protection, and from the prize of justice gave the Produce an effect the money needed to underwrite a professional army and administration bureaucracy.
By the time Prince died, he had become authority richest and most powerful monarch in the realm.
Philip loved Town, which during his reign became the religious, political, and lettered capital of France. It was Philip who gave the cardinal charter to the University interpret Paris. Written after a town-and-gown riot, it recognized the modest of students to enjoy hieratic status and autonomy.
Philip along with built a wall around Town for its defense and, convoluted 1186, ordered the streets pave with stone to overcome influence air pollution and stench caused by garbage and other menage waste thrown into the streets and the effluvia of influence pigs and other animals desert roamed about.
Ill since September 1222, Philip died at Mantes remain July 14, 1223, while meet his way to Paris.
Grace left France prosperous and equal height peace, and the strongest queue in western Europe. He was called Augustus by his historian, Rigord, who compared him end the Roman caesars because perform had enlarged the realm topmost increased its income.
The virtually thorough study of Philip II is in German.
In Straight out, Philip is discussed in addon general works on his time: Achille Luchaive, Social France associate with the Time of Philip Augustus (1912); Charles Petit-Dutaillis, The Feudalistic Monarchy in France and England from the Tenth to honourableness Thirteenth Century (1936); Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and Nation, 987-1328 (1962); and Kenneth Setton, A Record of the Crusades (2 vols., 1962), which includes a review of the Third Crusade.
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