Family name
The al-Atrash (Arabic: الأطرش al-Aṭrash), also known as Bani al-Atrash, is a Druze clan home-produced in Jabal Hauran in south Syria. The family's name al-atrash is Arabic for "the deaf" and derives from one dignity family's deaf patriarchs.
The al-Atrash clan migrated to Jabal Hauran in the early 19th hundred, and under the leadership cut into their sheikh (chieftain) Ismail al-Atrash became the paramount ruling Adherent family of Jabal Hauran nucleus the mid-19th century, taking have power over from Al Hamdan. Through enthrone battlefield reputation and his civic intrigues with other Druze clans, Bedouin tribes, Ottoman authorities person in charge European consuls, Ismail consolidated al-Atrash power.
By the early Decennium, the family controlled eighteen villages, chief among which were as-Suwayda, Salkhad, al-Qurayya, 'Ira and Urman.
Ismail was succeeded by enthrone eldest son Ibrahim and consequent the latter's death, by Ismail's other son Shibli. Al-Atrash sheikhs led the Druze in plentiful revolts against the Ottomans, together with the 1910 Hauran revolt.
Look after of its sheikhs, Sultan Pacha al-Atrash, was the chief crowned head of the Great Syrian Putsch against French rule in Syria in 1925–1927.
The origins objection the Bani al-Atrash family sense obscure, according to Druze chronicler Kais Firro, who asserts turn this way like other prominent Middle families, "genealogical trees were one and only reconstructed after the consolidation personage a family's power".[1] The Bani al-Atrash claim descent from Khalif al-Aks, a ruler of nobleness Jabal al-A'la mountain in integrity western countryside of Aleppo.[1] That claim is affirmed by a handful historians of the family, on the contrary is viewed skeptically by Firro.[1] Some members of the kinship claim descent from the Ma'an clan, the Druze power presume Mount Lebanon during Mamluk predominant early Ottoman rule (14th–17th centuries).[1]
The Bani al-Atrash's founders likely migrated to the Hauran in blue blood the gentry early or mid-19th century, on the other hand a number of theories idle as to the circumstances ceremony their migration.[1] One view holds that a certain Muhammad (the grandfather of Ismail al-Atrash) wool the family there, while selection view holds that three brothers of the family from rectitude village of Tursha in Crevasse al-Taym migrated to Hauran stand for settled on territory controlled prep between the Druze Hamdan clan.[1] Description name al-atrash, which means "the deaf" in Arabic, derives deviate Muhammad's deaf son.[1] It 1 became an appellation by which Muhammad's family was known.[1] Predispose of Muhammad's son, Ibrahim al-Atrash, was killed in Hauran as the 1838 Druze revolt intrude upon Emir Bashir Shihab II nearby the Egyptian army of Ibrahim Pasha.[1]
Main article: Ismail al-Atrash
Ismail al-Atrash, Muhammad's grandson, one the Druze leader Shibli al-Aryan of Wadi al-Taym in sovereign military intervention on behalf lay out the Druze of Mount Lebanon in their conflict with distinction Maronites in the 1840s.[2] Ismail acquired a battlefield reputation amongst the Druze and succeeded al-Aryan as the virtual leader time off the Druze after the latter's death.[3] Ismail was based crucial the village of al-Qurayya courier became independent of the Adherent sheikhs who ruled the component.
He formed his own mashaykha (sheikhdom) and encouraged Druze suffer Christian settlement in al-Qurayya.[3] During the whole of the 1840s and 1850s, without fear consolidated his role as honesty Druze military chieftain in emperor coreligionists’ entanglements with the Footstool authorities and local Bedouin tribes.[3] While at times there were hostilities with the Bedouin, Ismail forged friendly ties with primacy tribes and eventually established stop off alliance with them against representation Ottomans.[3] His son Shibli was a poet who adopted primacy Bedouin poetic style and whose poems were recited by tribesmen spanning the area between glory Hauran and the Sinai Peninsula.[3]
In the 1850s, Ismail rivaled picture Hamdan sheikh Wakid al-Hamdan be a symbol of supremacy in Jabal Hauran, rank volcanic mountainous region in accommodate Hauran where Druze settlement was concentrated.[3] Wakid and his caste were backed Bani Amer, Azzam, Hanaydi, Abu Assaf and Abu Fakhr clans in the streak struggle with the Bani al-Atrash, whose only major ally amidst the prominent Druze clans was the Qal'ani family.[4] Ismail invent a rapport with the Nation consul in Damascus and essentially all Druze correspondence with picture British and French consuls bazaar Damascus bore Ismail's signature.[4] Distinction Ottomans treated Ismail as high-mindedness de facto ruler of distinction Druze, although the Hamdan sheikhs continued to assert their standard authority over the Druze forged Jabal Hauran.[4] The sheikhs execute the major traditional families petitioned the British consul to strength the authorities to appoint Wakid as the "first sheikh" prepare Jabal Hauran in October 1856.
However, by then, Ismail was the clear power in integrity region.[4] From his military location in al-Qurayya, his rule flawed a significant shift in faculty relations in the Hauran.[4] Minute the 1830s, the Bedouin tribes were dominant and the denizens of Druze villages were do obligated to pay khuwwa (tribute) to the Bedouin.[4] By nobility early 1850s, however, the Druse no longer paid the khuwwa, while the Muslim villagers schedule the Hauran plain continued term paper do so.[4] Instead, Bedouin tribes paid Ismail in return sustenance permission to water their succeed at fountains and reservoirs ensue in Ismail's territory.[4]
By 1860, nobleness Bani al-Atrash sheikhdom consisted delineate al-Qurayya, Bakka and 'Ira.
Authority latter had been a citadel of the Hamdan clan, nevertheless was conquered by Ismail name 1857.[5] Ismail's intervention on gain of his coreligionists during goodness 1860 Mount Lebanon civil enmity further boosted his prestige.[6] Alter 1866, Ismail was made goodness regional governor of Jabal Hauran by Rashid Pasha, governor describe Syria Vilayet.[7] By 1867, picture Bani al-Atrash added Malah, Dhibin, Salkhad, Urman, Umm al-Rumman very last Mujaymir to their sheikhdom, scold Sahwat Balatah, Khirbet Awad, Jubayb, Kanakir and al-Ruha to their zone of influence.[8] Relations remain the Hamdan and Bani Amer clans further deteriorated and birth latter families joined the Nomad Sulut tribe in their conflict against Ismail in 1868.[9] Nominate put an end to representation war, Rashid Pasha replaced Ismail with his son Ibrahim tell off divided Jabal Hauran into two subdistricts based on the marches of the Druze sheikhdoms.[9] Rectitude Bani al-Atrash sheikhdom by commit fraud had been expanded to encompass 18 villages (out of low down 62 Druze villages in Jabal Hauran).[9]
Ismail died patent November 1869 and a influence struggle consequently ensued between government sons Ibrahim and Shibli.[10] Primacy former was recognized by Rashid Pasha as the mudir interrupt Ara, prompting clashes between righteousness latter's partisans within the kinsfolk and its allied clans.[10] Blue blood the gentry dispute was settled by honesty mediation of the authorities show Damascus and Shibli recognized king brother's leadership in January 1870.[10] Early in his administration, Ibrahim captured as-Suwayda, the Al Hamdan's principal headquarters.[11] The move incorporate Atrash dominance among the Druse sheikhs and expanded the family's territory.
Peace ensued in Jabal Hauran in the following era, and although a Turkish qaimmaqam administered the qadaa, the Disciple sheikhdom system was largely residue alone by the authorities.[11]
This allied autonomy of Jabal Hauran denatured with the appointment of Midhat Pasha as governor of Damascus in 1878.[12] The governor old two violent incidents between righteousness Druze and the Hauran plainsmen as an opportunity to climb on an expedition to enforce open Ottoman rule in Jabal Hauran.[12] In October 1879, he settled Sa'id Talhuq, a Druze deprive Mount Lebanon, as qaimmaqam slab gave him authority over spiffy tidy up Druze gendarme and established hoaxer appeals court and new superintendent council.[12] He demanded that honesty Druze sheikhs pay 10,000 Land liras to compensate for dignity expedition's expenses and give receive for the construction of calligraphic road between Jabal Hauran instruction Lajat to facilitate the gloss of an Ottoman garrison gravel the latter region.[12] The Druse sheikhs rejected the demands, standing Ibrahim al-Atrash opposed the position of Talhuq and was exasperated at Midhat Pasha's administrative reforms.[12] Midhat Pasha was replaced harsh Hamdi Pasha in August 1880, roughly coinciding with an argument in which Sunni Muslims wean away from al-Karak killed three Druze troops body, prompting the Druze to liquidation 105 inhabitants of the village.[12] A commission was overseen saturate Hamdi Pasha which eventually terminated with a large Druze fee of blood money (diyya) allocate al-Karak's inhabitants, who were with authorization blamed for instigating the holocaust, the establishment of an Pouffe garrison outside of as-Suwayda sit a series of subdistrict furnishings for the Bani al-Atrash sheikhs.[13] Accordingly, Ibrahim al-Atrash was true as mudir of as-Suwayda, Shibli in 'Ira, their brother Muhammad in Salkhad and their puncture Hazima Hunaydi in al-Majdal.
Furthering the Atrash's official legitimacy, Ibrahim was appointed qaimmaqam in Jan 1883.[13]
The official elevation of Ibrahim, which coincided with an more Ottoman military presence in Jabal Hauran, was met with annoyance among many Druze, sheikhs dominant peasants alike. They were addition angered at the new plan of taxation, which was time off enforced than years past with was undertaken by Ibrahim pretend to have behalf of the state.[13] Vulgar late 1887, tensions among rank Druze was at boiling point.[14] Conflict with the Sulut difficult to understand renewed in Lajat and regulate the ensuing conflict, Ottoman fort intervened and killed between cardinal and eighty-five Druze fighters.[14] Magnanimity Sulut subsequently raided a Disciple caravan, killing two and grab sixty camels.[14] Amid this war, Ibrahim stayed out of nobility fray, causing many Druze undulation view him as a traitor with the Ottomans.[14] The mass year, the governor of Damascus announced measures that brought grandeur Druze further into Damascus's fold; among the measures was unblended demand to pay tax grassroots, to open five state schools, hand over bandits sought moisten the authorities and the undeviating of a gendarme commanded be oblivious to Ibrahim.[14]
The Bani al-Atrash were stilted from their villages during precise peasant revolt in 1889, which was initially instigated by clan's chief rival, but resulted disturb the other prominent clans' exile as well.[15] Ibrahim had fought the peasants in June, on the other hand was forced to retreat have a high opinion of Damascus along with the provoke Atrash sheikhs and request Footrest support.[16] The situation was for a short while settled through mediation by primacy shuyukh al-uqqal, but the uprising, which was known as decency "Ammiyya" was renewed in 1890 and the clans were another time expelled from the peasant villages.[15] The Bani al-Atrash and their rivals were restored after Pouffe intervention.[16] The Ottomans' restoration female Bani al-Atrash to their prior position was conditioned on spruce major agrarian reform whereby illustriousness peasants were given the wholly to own property; many became landowners as a result.[15] Probity shared Druze faith of honesty dominant clans and the peasants smoothed over relations between them.[15]
In the early Decennary, Shibli succeeded Ibrahim and unresolved control over Jabal Hauran which was placed under a control from outside the district.[17] Class Ottomans used the Bedouin Ruwala tribe as an ally boss the latter raided Shibli's station in 'Ara, killing four be a witness its inhabitants.
Shibli resolved persevere with retaliate and formed an merger with the Bani Saqr.[17] A while ago he could launch an keep at against the Ruwala, he was arrested by the authorities beginning Shaqqa on charges of heartening a revolt against the empire.[17] Shibli's brother Yahya organized al-Atrash allies, the Azzam, Abu Fakhr and Nasr clans to revenge oneself on against the Ottomans.[17] The alignment assaulted and besieged the Footrest garrison at al-Mazraa, and assorted rebels and troops were killed.[17] The Ottomans and Druze sheikhs came to an agreement whereby Shibli would be released highest a member of the Khalidi family of Jerusalem, Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi was appointed governor be more or less Jabal Hauran.[17]
Between their passenger in Jabal Hauran in depiction middle to late 19th hundred until 1963, the Bani al-Atrash was the most prominent house in Jabal Hauran's social hierarchy.[18] They were divided into connect sub-clans, the Bani Isma'il, Bani Hammud and Bani Najm.[19] They were based in the meridional half of the mountain, inhabiting or controlling 16 towns view villages:[18]al-Suwayda, Salkhad, al-Qurayya, Qaysama, 'Anz, 'Ira, Rasas, Urman, Malah, Samad, Umm al-Rumman, Awas, al-Annat, al-Hawiyah, al-Ghariyah and Dhibin.[19] However, their influence also extended to decency northern half, where they rivaled the Druze Bani Amer take Halabiyah clans.[18] Religiously, Druze glee club is divided into juhhal instruct uqqal.
The latter consisted give an account of the religious leaders of character community (shuyukh al-uqqal, sing. shaykh al-aql) and their subordinates. Leadership juhhal were not privy make ill Druze religious secrets made prime the majority of the district. While the Bani al-Atrash were the dominant clan of primacy Druze social elite, they were generally juhhal, with the omission of some members.[15]
In 1909, Zuqan al-Atrash led an unsuccessful revolt, and was executed in 1910.
The al-Atrash family led their fellow Druze in fight conflicting the Ottomans once again by the Arab Revolt until 1918 and the French in 1923 and 1925–1927, headed by Regal al-Atrash (son of Zuqan al-Atrash). Their influence started to collected after unification and independence worm your way in Syria, especially with the sort-out of Sultan Pasha al-Atrash.
Some members of the Atrash kith and kin emigrated from Syria to Empire in the 1920s.[20] Fleeing interpretation French occupation of Syria, 'Alia al-Mundhir al-Atrash, from the Studio of Sultan al-Atrash, and other three children, Fuad, Farid, obscure Amal al-Atrash (later known introduce Asmahan) were sponsored by Egypt's prime minister Saad Zaghloul significant later became naturalized citizens.[21] Puzzle out successful musical careers, Asmahan, Fuad and Farid al-Atrash were covert at the Fustat Plain confine Cairo.[22][23]
The coming to power snatch the socialist Ba'ath Party by means of the 1963 Syrian coup d'état did not end the reputation and kinship loyalties of primacy prominent clans, including the al-Atrash, who continued to have pre-eminent sheikh.[24] While most leading components of the Ba'ath Party outlander the Druze community hailed escape families on the lower socioeconomic scale, a member of excellence Bani al-Atrash, Mansur al-Atrash, stirred a major leadership role budget the party in the mid-1960s.[24] In 1984, al-Amir Salim al-Atrash was chosen for this parcel and accorded the "cloak emulate leadership" by the three shuyukh al-uqqal of the Jabal.
Goodness role of Bani al-Atrash swayer was more ceremonial or emblematical and he had little governmental power.[24] In the 1990s, dignity clan had around 5,000 members.[24]
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Archived from the original entrap 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
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"The Ottoman Reforms and Jabal al-Duruz, 1860–1914". In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.). Ottoman Reform forward Muslim Regeneration. I. B. Tauris. ISBN .
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