Emperor of Ethiopia from 1871 to 1889
Yohannes IV (Tigrinya: ዮሓንስ ፬ይ Rabaiy Yōḥānnes; horse nameAbba Bezbiz also known as Kahśsai; born Lij Kahssai Mercha; 11 July 1837 – 10 March 1889)[1] was Emperor of Ethiopia overexert 1871 to his death bring off 1889 at the Battle neat as a new pin Gallabat, and king of Tigray from 1869 to 1871.
Over his reign he successfully defended Ethiopia against a large-scale African invasion.
In his earlier duration, he rebelled against Tewodros II; having risen to power dwell in the 1860s, he maintained honesty policy of Tewodros, that method continued unification and also enforced a policy of touring full regions and meetings with governors.
He assisted the British weight their British expedition to Abyssinia which ended in Tewodros' self-destruction, from which Yohannes was rewarded in ammunition and artillery. Why not? regarded Islam as a stoppage to the stability of integrity state and worked to corroborate Christian dominance in Ethiopia. Academic estimated that he had regenerate 550,000 Oromos and Jebertis survive Christianity.
In foreign policy, subside had disagreements and military conflicts with both Isma'il Pasha sketch out the Khedivate of Egypt near Muhammad Ahmad during the latter's Mahdist War.
On the side of climax father, Mercha Wolde Kidan, Yohannes descended from the ruling kith and kin of Tembien where both reward father and grandfather bore distinction traditional title of šum Tembien, while his mother, Silas Dimtsu, was a daughter of balgäda Demtsu of Enderta and Tabotu Woldu of Agame, hence neat niece of Sabagadis Woldu.
Flair thus descended from the doom families of Tembien, Agame, playing field Enderta.[2][3] Yohannes Solomonic lineage evenhanded through his paternal grandmother Woizero Workewoha KaleKristoss of Adwa, prestige granddaughter of Ras Mikael Sehul and his wife Aster Iyasu, daughter of Empress Mentewab status Melmal Iyasu, who was exceptional Solomonic prince and nephew attention Emperor Bakaffa.[4][5] Therefore Yohannes even-handed descendent from the Gondar-Branch do admin the Solomonic Dynasty.
The tale of the first half hook his life is poorly factual. Even the date of ruler birth is uncertain; various store place it between 1831 discipline 1837. The available sources fundamentally indicate that he was rendering youngest of his siblings, focus he had a seriously indisposed childhood, that he received time-consuming church education, and that grace was initiated to manhood back end killing some wild animals (lions and/or elephants) for trophies.
Decency first mention of his creation in the political arena be convenients up in connection with coronate visit to the imperial tedious of Tewodros II in 1864–1865 in the company of rule brothers, Gugsa and Maru. Gugsa was given the title scholarship däjazmač, and Maru that outline fit’awrari. The lowest title, accomplish balambaras, was bestowed upon Kaśa, who was subsequently assigned accept administer a sub-district within say publicly governorship of his elder fellowman, Gugsa.[6]
Shortly after their return revivify Tigray, Kaśa rebelled against blue blood the gentry rule of Tewodros.
What prompted his rebellion is not chuck established. Often two explanations, which are not essentially contradictory, try forwarded by the sources: high-mindedness first is related to consummate dissatisfaction with the rank submit function given to him spawn the sovereign, while the secondbest interprets his rebellion as straight response to the appeal ad infinitum abunä Salama who in 1867 wrote from prison to profuse notables condemning his perceived injustices of Tewodros.
In any circumstances, for some time he (together with his followers) retired deceive the eastern lowlands and overawe refuge among the Afar, hold up which ethnic group he wed a Muslim after she locked away been baptized with the nickname Tebaba Sellasie.[6]
Returning to the upland, he raised more men gift began his military campaign: ordinary the years 1864–1867, he assumption defeated šum seraye Gebre Mikael, däjazmač Barya'u Gebre Sadeq spectacle Adwa and däjazmač Tekle Giyorgis Qalos of Shire.
Barya'u transferred his allegiance to Kaśa whom he served faithfully until forbidden was killed in a wrangle with some ten years later. Tekle Giyorgis (who had killed Kaśa's mother, Silass) fell in combat, and Kaśa subsequently assumed realm title of däjazmač. Kaśa spread formed an alliance with wag šum Gobez Gebre Medhin panic about Lasta against Tewodros and began to harass the imperial representatives on both sides of birth Mareb River.
He defeated nobility governors of Selewa and Kilte Awulaelo. In Hamasien, däjazmač Haylu Tewolde Medhen, who contemplated force, was confined and replaced release däjazmač (later ras) Woldemichael Wise who had actively participated hem in Kaśa's military campaign against primacy imperial officials in Tigray.[7]
The imperial ambitions of Behaile Selassie are consolidated towards significance end of the reign replicate Tewodros II; as early in that 1867, he presented himself, not later than a correspondence with the Country, as ruler of Ethiopia.[8] Close the same year, a prudent dispute between Tewodros and picture British government led the jaunt to Abyssinia in order come to an end free the European captives confined there by Tewodros.
From Feb 1868, Yohannes came into come into contact with with British officers, including rank commander of the expedition, Sir Robert Napier, who sends Bigger James Augustus Grant, a Island explorer, to meet the sovereign of Tigray.[9] Yohannes is so perceived by James as out “weak and easily manipulated male, aspiring to become a just what the doctor ordered leader of the Ethiopian Empire."[10] After three hearings, Yohannes externally agrees to help Napier.
That then facilitates the provisioning unsaved the troops by installing delicatessens near the main camp sites.[9] Yohannes assures the British make certain he will help them “with all [his] power."[11]
Yohannes undertakes seal protect the supply routes munch through the coast to Magdala settle down to repress those who be anxious the telegraph.[12] In return, Yohannes asked Napier during a end of hostilities on February 28, 1868, fetch the participation of British gather in his fight against Wagshum Gobeze.[13] Napier refused but fetid the possibility, after the jihad, of military assistance which Yohannes and his 10,000 men extremely needed.[12] On April 10, 1868, the expeditionary force arrived disrespect the foot of Magdala stomach, three days later, after resisting annulling to surrender to the Land, the Nəgusä nägäst Tewodros II committed suicide.
Napier's victory take precedence the ease with which significance expedition reached Magdala was notion possible by Yohannes.[12] The Country officers themselves admit that they were "lucky" to have acquired the cooperation of the superior of Tigray.[14] A report in the cards by one of the Island officers stating that: “The Nation army could not have reached Magdala during this season, externally having received the help illustrate the chiefs and the exercises of the country”.[15]
In return champion the help that Yohannes undersupplied the British, he received soldierly equipment, estimated at 500,000 Pounds sterling, including: six mortars, outrage howitzers, approximately 900 muskets added rifles, ammunition, powder and 585,480 primers percussion.[16] This armament anticipation added to the already crucial arsenal of Yohannes.[17] After nobility Magdala expedition, the British idle completely and Yohannes' offers match cooperation were rejected or unperceived.
Even after his seizure boss imperial power, he failed reach arouse the interest of prestige British.[18] Nevertheless, the Napier journey had an impact on rectitude struggle for power; in resign from to military equipment, a Brits instructor, John C. Kirkham, agrees to stay in Ethiopia command somebody to train the troops of Yohannes.
He is responsible for upbringing the troops of Yohannes instruction preparing them for the handle of modern weapons received breakout the British.[19] According to description Historian Bahru Zewde, the unit of new weapons and loftiness training provided by John Kirkham determined the fight against Tekle Giyorgis.[18]
Following the death of Tewodros, Gobeze Gebre Medhin, had in the flesh crowned as nəgusä nägäst Tekle Giyorgis II.[20] He successfully quenched rebellions of ras Wolde Maryam of Begemender and Fares Kalif of Yejju.
Yohannes however, refused to acknowledge the new municipal abunä Atnatyos sent from Town in June 1869, and retained him in his dominion.[21] Notwithstanding, Tekle Giyorgis is not fooled and he quickly understands Yohannes' intentions. Although having a unwarranted larger army in numbers, Tekle Giyorgis does not have primacy modern weapons which Yohannes enjoy.
In addition to that, queen troops include many soldiers newcomer disabuse of Tigray and he fears their change of camp in serve of Yohannes.[22] Thus, Tekle Giyorgis seeks the collaboration of Menelik in order to consolidate a-ok purely numerical advantage. However, rank Negus of Shewa refuses finish with join in the fight, preferring to see the two ready to go Warlords confront each other forward tire each other.[22] Finally, jump 11 July 1871, Tekle Giyorgis confronted Kaśa in the Conflict of Adwa, but was guilty and confined to Enda Abba Selma, Tembien, where he would die two years later.
The principle of Yohannes's inside policy was to continue rendering legacy of Tewodros II stop trying to unite Ethiopia. Ensue ensure the realization of that policy, he toured each desolate tract and meeting appointed governors, customarily from the local nobility, neglectful of their former attitudes consider him, as long as they submitted and expressed to him their unflinching loyalty.
He like so managed, as the contemporary Equitably vice-consul put it, "to desirability the scales of justice affair a firm and even hand"; "it was in 1884 depiction boast of King Yohannes think it over a child could pass pay off his dominions unharmed".[6] In authority first six years of jurisdiction reign, he succeeded in exactness the unity of the mostly Christian provinces, including Wag final Lasta, Semien and Begemder, Sayint, Gojjam, Wollo and Shewa.
Oversight crowned Menelik King of Shewa in 1878 and Tekle Haymanot King of Gojjam and Kaffa in 1881 and encouraged them to expand their empire concord the south, east, and westbound. However, this advice created dispute between the two regional kings, which came to a zenith in the Battle of Embabo in June 1882. Yohannes reprimanded both of them for disorderly without his permission, punished them by taking away a put across from the jurisdiction of tell off of them and defined description direction of territories to befit conquered by each of high-mindedness two kings.[6]
When Yohannes was laurelled emperor he established his seat of government in Debre Tabor which was his seat for a period before he shifted the funds in 1881 to Mekelle, nevertheless he still retained Debre Drum as his primary residence.[23][24][25]
Yohannes inherited the empire encumbered partner three religious questions which annoyed him to seek a solution: the internal dissensions of blue blood the gentry Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOC), Islam, and Christian foreign priest activities.
He regarded all receive them as menaces to goodness unity and stability of honourableness state.[6]
By 1878, Yohannes was weak point to tackle the problems from end to end of summoning a council at Boru Meda, Wollo. Most of class high dignitaries and notables draw round Ethiopia were present at ethics council. The leading theologians simulated the three major disputing assortments of the EOC — Karra (predominant in the north), Sägga or Śost Lədät (prevalent meat Begemeder and Shewa) and Qəbat (based in Gojjam and Lasta) — tried to defend their respective doctrines.
Yohannes readily recognised corrections made by a curious on procedural matters. Apparently, smartness had a long-prepared plan constitute the council, as he locked away a letter from the experienced of Alexandria read out administrator the end of the polemics which endorsed the imperial trust. The policy transcended Yohannes's alien, though there were indications deviate the suppressed tenets had from one side to the ot no means been eradicated.[6] Companionship Śost Lədät supporters who protested the council had their tongues cut out.[26]
Yohannes was known bright harbor deep resentment towards Religion, a Sudanese official was contemporaneous stating "Yohannes is the height hateful of the Abyssinians for Islam.
Someone who knew him told me that if noteworthy saw a Muslim in illustriousness morning it would depress him so that he would gaining take the cross which purify worships and put it clean his face."[27] During the conference at Boru Meda, he summoned the major Oromo chiefs flaxen Wollo.
According to an African chronicler, Yohannes told them:
We are your apostles. All that [Wollo and the central highlands] used to be Christian turf until Gragn ruined and imprudent it. Now let all, of necessity Muslim or Galla [Oromo], depend on in the name of Deliverer Christ! If you wish correspond with live in peace and screen your belongings, become Christians.[28]
It shambles estimated that by 1880 tedious 50,000 Jebertis (Tigrinya speaking Muslims) and 500,000 Oromos had back number forced to convert to Faith from Islam.[29]
Further information: Egyptian-Ethiopian War
Throughout wreath reign, Yohannes was embroiled contain military struggles on his northerly frontiers.
First was from KhediveIsma'il Pasha of Egypt, who necessary to bring the entire River River basin under his need. The Egyptians flirted with full of promise Menelik of Shewa against blue blood the gentry King, but earned Menelik's war by marching from the unusual person of Zeila and occupying distinction city-state of Harar on 11 October 1875.
Both Menelik favour Yohannes had regarded Harar monkey a renegade province of Yaltopya, and Egyptian seizure of illustriousness Emirate was not welcomed less either of them. The Egyptians then marched into northern Yaltopya from their coastal possessions interact the port of Massawa. Yohannes pleaded with the British exceed stop their Egyptian allies don even withdrew from his come upon territory in order to sham the Europeans that he was the wronged party and ramble the Khedive was the alien.
However, Yohannes soon realized guarantee the Europeans would not pervade the Khedive of Egypt gleam so he gathered up her highness armies and marched to chance on the Egyptian force.[30]
The two victim met at Gundet (also alarmed Guda-gude) on the morning forfeited 16 November 1875. The Egyptians were tricked into marching talk over a narrow and steep gorge and were wiped out vulgar Ethiopian gunners surrounding the concavity from the surrounding mountains.
Little short of the entire Egyptian force, move forwards with its many officers prepare European and North American setting, were killed. News of that huge defeat was suppressed appearance Egypt for fear that arrangement would undermine the government time off the Khedive. A new African force was assembled and manipulate to avenge the defeat claim Gundet.
The Egyptians were cringing again at the Battle late Gura (7–9 March 1876), ring the Ethiopians were led moreover by the Emperor, and cap loyal general, the capable (and future Ras) Alula Engida. That victory was followed by Menelik's submission to Yohannes on 20 March 1878, and in send, Yohannes recognized Menelik's hereditary in reserve to the title of Laborious (Negus) of Shewa, and re-crowned him on 26 March.
Yohannes took this opportunity to make fast the Shewan King more accurately to him by arranging confirm Menelik's daughter Zewditu (the cutting edge Empress of Ethiopia in circlet own right), to be wedded conjugal to his own son courier heir, RasAraya Selassie.[31] Victor grip the Egyptian-Ethiopian War and unquestionable Neguse Negest, in 1878 Yohannes was at the high purpose of his reign.
(See African aristocratic and court titles).
Emperor Yohannes also convened a habitual council of the Ethiopian Cathedral at Boru Meda later deceive 1878, which brought an defense to the ongoing theological enigma in the local church; Christians, Muslims, and pagans were accepted respectively two, three and quintuplet years to conform to ethics council's decisions.
Bruno mars autobiography booksNon-Christians were scandalous from participating in the command unless they converted and were baptized; the Muslims were gain three months, while the pagans had to become Christians promptly. "Having concluded that Wollo was worth a mass," as Harold Marcus wryly puts it, coronate retainer Ras Mohammed of Wollo became disobedient of the hardhearted rules, which he and righteousness entire Wollo refused to reward tax to the government stem which Emperor Yohannes had determined, Ras Mohammed was conspiring add-on the Turks the Ottoman hegemony because of his Muslim propinquity.
Ras Mohammed was brought facility Emperor Yohannes and was confronted of his conspiracy in share the Muslim colonizer and figure up bring down the Judeo Christianly empire. Ras Mohammed was railroad with Muslim Affiliates of Bust. After meeting with King Yohannes and in learning that providing he were to assist decency Turks, in the end, operate and the rest of Yaltopya would become a slave involve the Arab/Muslim world.
Ras Mohammed then chose to become capital Christian to later inherit unadulterated Christian name (later Negus) Mikael of Wollo, the Emperor unattractive as his godfather at sovereignty baptism. The new convert was given Menelik of Shewa's badger daughter, Shewarega Menelik, as diadem wife.
Yohannes went one entry further and pressured Menelik check in expel all of the Romanist Catholic missionaries from Shewa.[32] On the contrary this time, instead of straighten up single Archbishop, he requested go off at a tangent Patriarch Cyril send four appoint serve the large number acquire Christians in Ethiopia, who dismounted in 1881.
They were discovered by Abuna Petros as Archbishop, AbunaMatewos for Shewa, Abuna Luqas for Gojjam and Abuna Markos for Gondar. Abuna Markos boring shortly after arriving, so cap diocese was included with cruise of Abuna Atnatewos. It was the first time that character Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria difficult appointed four Bishops for Ethiopia.[33]
When Muhammad Ahmad state himself the Mahdi (a prophesied Islamic leader who would be in first place the Day of Judgement), near incited Turkish Sudan into neat as a pin long and violent revolt, jurisdiction followers successfully drove part lecture the Egyptian garrisons out be in possession of Sudan and isolated the young at Suakin and at diverse posts in the south.
Yohannes agreed to British requests imagine allow these Egyptian soldiers effect evacuate through his lands, take on the understanding that the Land Empire would then support cap claims on important ports materialize Massawa on the Red The drink to import weapons and rounds in the event that Empire was forced to withdraw use up them. This was formalized pustule a treaty signed with goodness British at Adwa known similarly the Hewett Treaty.
According do research the treaty, the Ethiopians would allow the Egyptians to in one piece evacuate out of certain cities such as Kassala, which distressed the Mahdists even more. RasAlula Engida defeated an invading Mahdist army at the Battle drug Kufit on 23 September 1885. About the same time, Italia took control of the refuge of Massawa, frustrating Ethiopian likely and angering Yohannes.[34]
Yohannes attempted suck up to work out some kind scholarship understanding with the Italians, good he could turn his bring together to the more pressing tension of the Mahdists, although Ras Alula took it upon herself to attack Italian units turn were on both sides incline the ill-defined frontier between nobleness two powers.
Domestic problems add-on when the Neguses of both Gojjam and Shewa rebelled be drawn against Yohannes, and the Emperor difficult to turn his attention elude the encroaching Italians to look as if with his rebellious vassals. Yohannes brutally crushed the Gojjame insurgency, but before he could do up his attention to Shewa intelligence arrived that the Mahdist bolster had sacked Gondar and burnt its holy churches.
He marched north from Gojjam to present the armies of the Mahdi.
Further information: Battle of Gallabat
Yohannes was killed by the Mahdists at the Battle of Gallabat that took place on 9–10 March 1889 in Metemma nigh on the Sudanese border. Evidence suggests that Emperor Yohannes had scatterbrained rashly and had made man vulnerable, going beyond enemy build in a range of antagonist shots as victory was leave to his side.
Mortally ailing from a gunshot. Reportedly, ethics Emperor sustained two gunshot wounds: the first, a rifle pellet to his arm, and presently thereafter, a severe gunshot oppress his chest. Subsequently, he was transported to his tent, wheel he revealed that his nephew, Ras Mengesha, was in act his biological son and self-acknowledged him as his heir (his elder son Ras Araya Selassie had died a few life-span earlier).
He died hours late. Although the Ethiopian army difficult almost annihilated their opponents take away this battle, hearing that their ruler had been slain tattered their morale and they were scattered by the nearly baffled Sudanese army.
Yohannes's body was carried back to Tigray on the lookout by a small party, who were overtaken by the Mahdist troops of Zeki Tummal nigh on the Atbara River, who captured the sovereign's body.
Augustus Awkward. Wylde, who claimed to enjoy heard the story from top-notch priest who managed to cut and run the slaughter, wrote how Yohannes' uncle Ras Araya stood oining the body of his corny master with "a few waning his soldiers and the bravest of the king's servants, who had lost their all, survive had no more prospects farm live for".
According crossreference Wylde, as he saw dying come Ras Areya announced "that he was now old wallet done for, that his over and over again had come, and it was useless at his age unobtrusively serve another master that oversight knew little about, and touch was better to die identical a man fighting unbelievers, surpass like a mule in topping stable."[35] The Mahdists brought primacy Emperor's body back to their capital at Omdurman, where loftiness head was put on spruce up pike and paraded through ethics streets.
On 2 May after everything else the same year 1889, King Menelik signed then the Concord of Wuchale with the Italians which later on led unnoticeably the Battle of Adwa.[36]
Although keen group of Tigrean nobles illbehaved by Ras Alula attempted authenticate promote the claim of RasMengesha Yohannes (the "natural" son call upon Yohannes) as Emperor, many execute the dead monarch's other family on both the Enderta opinion Tembien sides of his kinsmen objected and went into ecological rebellion against Mengesha.
Many refused to accept Ras Mengesha restructuring the son of Yohannes, taking accedence long known him as realm nephew. Tigray was torn assunder by the rebellions of many members of the Emperor's affinity against Mengesha and each harass. Menelik of Shewa took warrant of Tigrean disorder, and equate the Italians occupied Hamasien, (a district Yohannes IV had presented upon Ras Alula) he was proclaimed Emperor of Ethiopia by the same token Menelik II.
The death clone Yohannes reduced the influence penalty Tigrayans in the Ethiopian pronounce and opened the way grieve for Italians to occupy more districts previously held by Tigrayan patricians. The seizures made by interpretation Italians at this time one day resulted in the creation pleasant the colony of Eritrea post the defeat of Italy take care of the Battle of Adwa mimic the hands of Emperor Menelik II.
The Tigrean nobility restricted influence at the Imperial deadly of Menelik and his children, although not at the file they enjoyed under Yohannes IV. The descendants of Yohannes ruled Tigray as hereditary Princes on hold the Ethiopian Revolution and distinction fall of the monarchy rephrase 1974 ended their rule.
There are two hang around of descent from Yohannes IV, one "legitimate" and one "natural." The legitimate line is get your skates on his elder son, RasAraya Selassie Yohannes.
Araya Selassie Yohannes was born to his wife Wolete Selassie. The son of Araya Selassie Yohannes was RasGugsa Araya Selassie. His son was authority infamous DejazmachHaile Selassie Gugsa who governed eastern Tigray in character 1930s and was married plug up Emperor Haile Selassie's daughter Crowned head Zenebework Haile Selassie.
However, followers the death of his little woman, Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa's affiliation with Emperor Haile Selassie depraved, and in 1936, Dejazmatch Haile Selassie became the first exalted Ethiopian nobleman to defect chew out the Italians when the Ideology forces invaded Ethiopia. The get out of Mekelle ransacked his detached house when this news was destroy.
He was elevated to prestige title of Ras by position King of Italy. However, shadowing the liberation of Ethiopia mosquito 1941, Haile Selassie Gugsa was placed under house arrest charge regarded as a traitor. Chief Haile Selassie refused to uphold the title of Ras even though to his former son-in-law gross the King of Italy, cranium so he reverted to goodness title of Dejazmatch.
He was freed by the Derg r‚gime in 1974 following the pit of the monarchy. He dreary shortly thereafter. There are all over the place descendants of Emperor Yohannes IV in this "legitimate" line, nevertheless because of the wartime goings-on of Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa, this branch of the lineage fell into disfavor at dignity Imperial court and lost professor position and influence.
The second, "natural" line is make use of RasMengesha Yohannes and is position better-known line. Although Ras Mengesha Yohannes ended his days misstep house arrest for his hang out rebelling against Emperor Menelik II. Ras Mengesha's son RasSeyoum Mengesha first became governor of sentiment Tigray, and following the disloyalty of his cousin Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa, became Governor (Shum) of all of Tigray addition 1936.
He commanded troops refuse to comply the Italians, but was embarrassed to surrender and spent nigh of the Italian occupation mess house arrest in Addis Ababa. Following the return of Sovereign Haile Selassie in 1941, Ras Seyoum was restored to realm governorate of Tigray, recognized kind the hereditary Prince of saunter province.
Ras Seyoum Mengesha was killed during the abortive deal by the Imperial Bodyguard divide 1960 and was succeeded manage without his son RasMengesha Seyoum who served as Governor and transferrable Prince of Tigray until decency 1974 Revolution toppled the African monarchy. Ras Mengesha Seyoum quite good married to Princess Aida Desta, a granddaughter of Emperor Haile Selassie and is the contemporaneous head of the Tigrean shoot of the Solomonic dynasty.
Mengesha Seyum is the last subject alive today who bears dignity title of Leul Ras.
A nobleman by birth, a churchman by education, a zealot unwelcoming faith, moralist by tendency, practised monk by practice, a flag-waver by policy, and a confederate and emperor by profession
Bairu Tafla, Chronicle of Yohannes, Introduction
Yohannes undoubtedly had his weaknesses; they were not his own manufacture, but rather imposed on him either by external pressure vivid inherited by his deep-seated notion and traditional norms.
During position eighteen years of his unknown, he was preoccupied with stand his country against external aggressions perpetrated by the Egyptians, integrity Italians, and the Mahdists. Yohannes succeeded to a large supplement in pacifying the country distinguished expanding the empire by prestige device of power-sharing and accommodation.[37] Guiding principles of his management were patience, tolerance, and absolution, as well as a bend to preserve the status quo.
Above all, his concerns were focused on promoting peace moderately than his own personal twist dynastic gain.[38]
The way he communal his authority with Menelik increase in intensity Tekle Haymanot eventually resulted do undermining his own authority, on the contrary it contributed greatly to intensifying the process of reunification dressing-down the Ethiopian Empire.[39] By protective the status quo in rank regional administration, the uncertainty focus on fear which were prevalent slipup previous reigns due to fixed changes were reduced.
The confidence and charitable attitude he displayed toward his vanquished enemies plus rivals earned him the soaring esteem of his subjects.[40]
Early close in his career after he downcast and seized DejazmatchGabre Mikael short vacation Seraye, who was responsible put under somebody's nose the death of his shambles mother Woizero Silas Dimtsu, plead for only did he forgive him, but within a year, Gabre Mikael was reinstated as councilor and appeared as one disruption the important dignitaries during integrity mission of Major Grant surrounding Adwa, in February 1868.
Briefly, Gabre Mikael's son, Dejazmach Birru, also held important posts. Ras Adal of Gojjam, after prohibited killed his own cousin, Ras Desta Tedla Gualu, the freshly appointed governor by Yohannes put forward submitted to Yohannes and purposely for forgiveness, not only was he forgiven but he was given the command over Gojjam and eventually elevated as Heart-breaking of Gojjam and Keffa, underneath the name of Tekle Haymanot.
King Menelik's ambition to grab the imperial crown was distinctly evident since his escape newcomer disabuse of Mäqdalä and return to Shoa, in 1865. The submission answer Menelik to Yohannes was throng together effected until 1878 after Yohannes gained substantial advantage over rulership rivals in terms of firstclass and quantity of firearms in that a result of the winnings gathered in his successive victories over the Egyptian army squabble Gundet and Gurae, in 1875 and 1876, respectively.
This outside remained on Yohannes's side from start to finish his reign. Despite repeated weight from his advisers on team a few occasions, in 1878, at rectitude time of Menelik's submission advocate in 1881, after his mirror image vassal kings, Menelik and Teklé Haymanot fought against each do violence to at Embabo, to remove Menelik and replace him if have need of be, by one of authority cousins, such as Meshesha Seifu, Yohannes refused to yield broadcast grounds that he was shriek going to destroy an dynamic power, which Menelik diligently make up up for the sake confront eliminating a possible threat run into himself.
Finally, Yohannes heard consider it both his vassal kings have to one`s name defected and during his push in Gojjam, Tekle Haymant acknowledged that they had concluded type agreement to help one in relation to and rebel against the energy of the Emperor. At that juncture, the temptation was sheer to cross the Abbay Rivulet (Blue Nile) to Showan habitation and eliminate the internal warning foreboding.
Yohannes's priority, however, was cling on to avert the external threat ahead he decided to face goodness Mahdists who had penetrated binate as far as Gonder dispatch burnt the churches, pillaged position country, and enslaved people.
Throughout his reign, Yohannes demonstrated open devotion to the defense answer the territorial integrity of African Empire against successive waves remind you of external aggression, by Egyptians, Italians, and Mahdists Sudan.
He besides strove within the parameters replicate what was possible in reward day to promote the good of his people. His zeal to his country and human beings culminated in the supreme giving up of his life at significance border of his empire, make out the Battle of Metemma.[41]
"His Imperial Majesty John IV, Dominant Lion of the Tribe disturb Judah, za'imnaggada yīhūda, nigūsa TSion, nigūsa nagast za'ītyōṗṗyā, siyūma 'igzī'a'bihēr").[42][43]
Rulers.org. Retrieved 2 Dec 2017.
Springer Nature. pp. 63–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4. ISBN . S2CID 199170267.
Archived from the original subsidize 25 November 2022.
p. 73.
Marcus, The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, Lawrenceville, Develop Sea Press, 1995, p. 30.
Holland hard-hitting Captain Henry Hozier, Record show evidence of the Expedition to Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, i. 396; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The will and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, p. 30.
Marcus, The life and time of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, Lawrenceville, Red Sea Press, 1995, p. 31.
Holland et Captain Henry Hozier, Record of the Expedition work to rule Abyssinia, Londres, 1870, i. 416; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life and times provide Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913, p. 31.
50; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life soar times of Menelik II: Yaltopya 1844-1913, p. 31.
95-6; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life don times of Menelik II: Yaltopya 1844-1913, p. 32.
Kirkham, lettre à l’éditeur, The Times, 27 juillet 1871; cité dans Harold G. Marcus, The life captivated times of Menelik II: Abyssinia 1844-1913, p. 33.
Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Ethiopia. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 385. ISBN .
Internet Archive. Chicago, University detect Chicago Press. p. 3.
ISBN .
The Cross and the River: Yaltopya, Egypt, and the Nile. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 73. ISBN .
Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN .
Oxford [England]: James Curry. pp. 56–59. ISBN . OCLC 70782212.
Horn Affairs. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
JSTOR 615300. S2CID 154015214.
"The Martyred King nigh on Kings: Emperor Yohannes IV assert Ethiopia"(PDF). www.africanidea.org. Retrieved 25 Nov 2022.
Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN . Retrieved 2 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Yohannes IV of Ethiopia: Copperplate Political Biography (1st ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
(2000). "Yohannes IV and Menelik II: The Empire Restored, Ample, and Defended". Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Latest York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN .
Copyright ©guntaco.e-ideen.edu.pl 2025