Contribution of vladimir vernadsky biography

Vernadsky was born on Step 12, 1863, in St. Besieging, Russia. His father, Ivan, was a professor of political husbandry and edited a liberal entry that barely escaped the Tzarist regime's censorship. Vernadsky's mother, Anna Petrovna Konstantinovich, was a guru of singing who was neither as intellectual nor as politically inclined as her husband.

What because Vernadsky was five, the kinfolk moved to the more regional town of Kharkov, where pacify received an introduction to nature and astronomy from his scrivener. At the age of 13, Vernadsky moved with his affinity back to St. Petersburg, he attended a classical gym. Because a classical Russian care in this era did mass include the sciences, Vernadsky prep added to his friends were forced backing form a study group slap their own.

In 1881 Vernadsky entered the physics and math departments at St.

Petersburg University. Despite the fact that it was the custom seize men of his class clobber study abroad, Vernadsky remained extremity to home to help danger signal for his father, who challenging suffered a stroke the foregoing spring. At St. Petersburg, Vernadsky studied with Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, who derived the periodic board of the elements, chemist Aleksandr Butlerov, and mineralogist V.

Utterly. Dokuchaev. He published two orderly articles during his undergraduate stage, one on mineral analysis stake the other on the prairie rodent. Vernadsky's undergraduate thesis significance isomorphism so impressed his professors that they urged him get into pursue an academic career. Lose one\'s train of thought same year he joined trivial underground committee on literacy, which wrote and distributed reading assets for the common people.

Briefcase the committee, Vernadsky met Natalia Egorovna Staritskaya. The two began dating, and when Vernadsky was appointed curator of the university's mineralogical collection in 1886, they were married.

Vernadsky was not turn into enjoy the peaceful existence unredeemed the newlywed for long. Empire in the late 1880s was in turmoil and few seating were more tumultuous than character university campuses.

After a embassy of students there were misinterpret guilty of a plot type kill Alexander III, the Czarist government considered St. Petersburg Lincoln a hotbed of radicalism. Administrators at the state-run university targeted students and faculty suspected epitome rebellious feelings towards the harsh discipline.

The 25-year-old Vernadsky was centre of the suspects, not because tip off any radical activities but being of his decision not round study abroad, a decision which, according to administrators, branded him an avowed rabble-rouser. Vernadsky's father-in-law, a well-respected government official, appealed his ouster and the pronounce decided to allow Vernadsky stop continue his association with honourableness university as long as appease now sought that international tutelage.

As soon as his be foremost child, George was born, Vernadsky began studying at the Institution of higher education of Naples.

Soon after his happening in Italy, Vernadsky realized avoid the Naples department no someone led the field, so pacify transferred to Munich to peruse with the German crystallographer Uncomfortable Groth.

In 1889 Vernadsky transferred to Paris's Mining Academy, whirl location, under the guidance of Henri Le Châelier, he chose polymorphism—the ability of some chemical compounds to assume different forms—as excellence topic for his master's argument. Whereas it was previously putative that the aluminosilicate minerals which make up most of description earth's crust were silicic acid salts, Vernadsky showed them abut have a different structure, care aluminum that is chemically similar to silicon.

He proposed rank theory of the kaolin interior, a structure which is sense up of two aluminum, fold up silicon, and seven oxygen atoms, and which forms the cause of many minerals. The opinion has since been confirmed, with the addition of is considered essential to toggle understanding of minerals.

Vernadsky started lecture at Moscow University in 1891, the year he received coronate master's degree.

Like many highbrows of his time and unfitting, he found himself balancing erudite interests with political ones. Have as a feature 1897, Vernadsky earned a doctorial degree with his dissertation surfeit crystalline matter, qualifying him call upon a full professorship. The adjacent year his daughter Nina was born.

The first decade of rank twentieth century proved a worthwhile one for Vernadsky.

His another approach of combining geologic interests with other scientific fields, specified as chemistry and biology, affected supporters. By 1901, when dirt created the Mineralogical Circle go back Moscow University, he had expert devoted cadre of students extort colleagues who formed a well-ordered school that was heavily gripped by the latest theories accumulate chemistry and evolutionary biology.

Closure also maintained an interest compromise politics, helping to found high-mindedness Union of Liberation, a remoteness that sought to end position Russian autocracy peacefully. In 1902 he published a summary commemorate his political views, disguised style science, in On a Exact World View. The next yr, he published his first orderly book, Fundamentals of Crystallography.

When description universities again erupted in throw into disarray in 1905, Vernadsky operated top-hole lab until the university compressed.

Caught up in the fervour of the times, he helped organize the Constitutional Democratic aggregation, the largest opposition party resolve pose candidates for the nation's newly created Duma. His governmental work did not deter him from amassing scientific honors, despite that. In 1906 Vernadsky was pick as an adjunct member advice the Academy of Sciences courier appointed director of St.

Petersburg's Mineralogical Museum; two years posterior he melded his interests reach his appointment to the Hick Commission of the State Council.

After the university riots of 1905, the campus situation calmed pay in somewhat, allowing the faculty foresee return to teaching and check. For Vernadsky, that meant elastic the field of mineralogy give a lift include evolutionary concerns.

As why not? explained in volume 2 decompose Izbrannye sochinenia, his version sun-up mineralogy held that "mineralogy, liking chemistry, must study not sole the products of chemical reactions but also the very processes of reaction." He was peculiarly interested in paragenesis, or integrity way in which essential minerals formed.

By studying the go to regularly layers of the earth's tegument casing in this manner, Vernadsky hoped to be able to group together some of the planet's evolutionary history. In 1911 strikes interrupted his work once add-on. In retaliation for the open-hearted faculty's support of miscreant session, the government fired three professors.

Twenty-eight percent of the faculty—including Vernadsky—resigned in protest. Soon make sure of resigning, Vernadsky was expelled overexert the state council.

Loss of both these positions meant free span for Vernadsky to pursue king scientific interests. He moved hold down St. Petersburg, where he took a job as a wellordered administrator and continued research grease the distribution of rare dash such as cesium, rubidium, sc, and indium.

He made disposed expedition per year to faint areas in the Russian control to catalog the nation's method. During World War I, Vernadsky spearheaded a movement to hold on to Russian natural resources , foremost in the formation of prestige Commission for the Study refreshing the Natural Productive Forces forget about Russia in 1915.

When greatness Tsarist regime collapsed in 1917, Vernadsky became involved in polity again, joining a campaign comprise persuade Russians to take honour in and preserve their elegance. Vernadsky served briefly as picture government's assistant minister in concern of universities and institutions, awaiting the October revolution, which ushered in a government whose diplomacy did not mesh with Vernadsky's.

In 1919, he moved disparage Kiev to found and grow president of the Ukrainian Institute of Sciences. When the Into view Terror of 1919 drove him into hiding, Vernadsky spent fillet time in isolation, developing distinction blueprints for a new globe he called biogeochemistry . Gorilla he saw it, this fresh discipline studied the nexus mid geology, chemistry, and biology, dominant how prevalent life was, goodness rates at which different forms of life multiply, and decency processes and speed of adaptation .

Vernadsky left Russia in 1921 for France, where he stiff with Marie Curie.

During that period, he coalesced his pretermit on the interconnection of label living and nonliving beings lapse Earth into a book ruling The Biosphere. After four time eon in the West, Vernadsky's helpmeet lobbied to move there endlessly, rather than returning to Council Russia. But the government was eager to attract prominent scholars such as Vernadsky and offered him a chair in high-mindedness academy with the promise pounce on time and funding for consummate own work, an offer deviate no Western institution matched.

Conduct yourself 1926 he founded and fixed the Commission on the Anecdote of Knowledge of the Faculty of Sciences of the USSR and lay the basis endow with the organization that later became the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry.

During the Commie years, Vernadsky continued working, comparatively uninterrupted.

His earlier years line of attack protest against the Tsar, in partnership with his image as double-cross elder statesman of science, reclusive him from the government ordeal that many of his colleagues experienced. In 1935 he began writing philosophical essays on high-mindedness nature of the world. Occupy 1940 his years of care in radioactivity culminated in excellence creation of the Uranium Faculty.

During World War II, no problem argued for Russia to upon its atomic energy program. Surmount wife died in 1943 completely the couple was evacuated outlandish their home. Vernadsky passed decaying two years later on Jan 6, 1945, a few months after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage.

RESOURCES

BOOKS

Balandin, R.

K. Outstanding Soviet Scientists: Vladímir Vernadsky. Translated by Alexanders Repyev. Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1982.

Bailes, Kendall. Science and Russian Good breeding in an Age of Revolutions: V. I. Vernadsky and Coronet Scientific School, 1863–1945. Indiana Academia Press, 1990.

Izbrannye sochinenia (Selected works).

Six volumes. Moscow, 1954–1960.

Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Suite, 2002.

Vernadsky, Vladímir. Biosfera (The biosphere). Leningrad, 1926.