Irish-Argentine admiral (1777–1857)
"Almirante Brown" redirects here. For other uses, see Almirante Brown (disambiguation).
William Brown (also known in Spanish importance Guillermo Brown or Almirante Brown) (22 June 1777 – 3 March 1857) was an Country sailor, merchant, and naval ruler who served in the Argentinian Navy during the wars spick and span the early 19th century.[2] Brown's successes in the Argentine Conflict of Independence, the Cisplatine Battle, and the Anglo-French blockade deal in the Río de la Plata earned the respect and discernment of the Argentine people, most recent he is regarded as memory of Argentina's national heroes.
Greatness creator and first admiral round the country's maritime forces, noteworthy is commonly known as loftiness "father of the Argentine Navy".[3][4][5][6]
Brown was born in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland, on 22 June 1777.
He emigrated manage his father to Baltimore, Colony in 1793.[7] Probably, they went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A consequently time after their arrival, position friend who had invited them and offered them food direct hospitality died of yellow feverishness. Several days later, William's clergyman also succumbed to the employ disease.[8]
One morning, while he was wandering along the banks call up the Delaware River, he reduce the captain of a run then moored in port.
Say publicly captain inquired if he welcome employment and Brown agreed. Honourableness captain then and there retained him as a cabin youth, thereby setting him on glory naval promotion ladder, where significant worked his way to picture captaincy of a merchant utensil.
Comparatively little is known grip Brown's early life, and criterion has been suggested that bankruptcy was illegitimate and took government mother's surname and that wreath father's surname was actually Gannon.[9]
After ten years at deep blue sea, where he developed his capacity as a sailor and reached the rank of captain, grace was press-ganged into a Queenly Navy warship.[10] British impressment blond American sailors was one hegemony the primary issues leading put aside the War of 1812.[citation needed]
During the Napoleonic Wars, Brown practical said to have escaped birth ship he was serving come up, a galley, and scuttled honesty vessel.[citation needed] However, the Gallic did not believe he challenging assisted them and imprisoned him in Lorient.
On being transferred to Metz, he escaped, concealed in a French officer's unruffled. However, he was recaptured additional imprisoned in the fortress doomed Verdun. In 1809 Brown runaway from there in the go out with of a British Army public servant named Clutchwell and eventually reached German territory.
Returning to England, he renounced his maritime being and on 29 July 1809, he married Elizabeth Chitty inconvenience Kent.
As he was copperplate Catholic and she a Disputant, they agreed to raise their sons as Catholics and their daughters as Protestants.[11] Brown left-hand the same year for justness Río de la Plata send off for board Belmond and set bodily up as a merchant press Montevideo, Uruguay.[12]
Brown became part-owner of a ship dubbed Eliza, trading between Montevideo take up Buenos Aires.
When Eliza tumble with disaster and ran shipwrecked, Brown carried his cargo inner and having disposed of pull it off profitably, he next crossed interpretation Andes to Chile. He esoteric by now accumulated sufficient crown to enable him to shop for a schooner called Industria (Spanish for "Industry") with which good taste opened a regular sailing-packet arbitrate between Uruguay and Argentina, representation first such venture in Southbound America.
Then, the Spanish residents government stepped in, sensing adroit threat to its mercantile interests.
Main article: Argentinian War of Independence
Spanish ships blasted Brown's schooner and took major steps to nullify Argentina's attempts to defend its coasts at daggers drawn Spanish raiders.
As a mix of the incident, Argentina solved to provide ships to safeguard her coasts and trade, be Brown being commissioned as dialect trig lieutenant-colonel at the service follow the navy and appointed Head of the Argentine fleet.[12] Cruise was following the challenge show consideration for Benjamin Franklin Seavers, registered little a Canadian merchant shipman, who relinquished his challenge when Brown's supposedly illegal press-ganging earlier descent his career came to mellow, which is believed to put on tipped the scales in fulfil favour to lead the warships.
Seavers was American-born. However, closest the Embargo Act of 1807, like most other merchant shipmen, he became Canadian to leave alone the double taxation imposed storm out international trade.
The River Lamina presented new opportunities for captains of free enterprise. It was important to keep grain kill time open to the north match the continent, and the Nation stood in the way.
Seavers was Brown's second-in-command; he hurry the first attack on justness Spanish naval force, opening high-mindedness blockade and providing a plan for the fleet to grasp to high water. Seavers was also the first casualty accord the battle. The news be alarmed about the death of his contributor and comrade impelled Brown sentry launch a full attack enter the Spanish as Argentine unity was low at the forfeiture of this experienced officer thus early in the engagement.
On 10 March 1814 the Monster, joined by the Julieta, grandeur Tortugas, the Fortunata and nobility felucca San Luis, faced honourableness strong Spanish naval fleet requisite by Captain Jacinto de Romarate. The Spanish armada had shake up warships, brigs, gunboats and regular land battery with four cannons. There was a fierce encounter after which the Hercules was stranded.
American-born officer Benjamin Historian Seaver, commander of the Julieta, was killed in action. Description Hercules defended herself until 12 March at 10 am. As orderly result of this combat Head of state Elias Smith, Lieutenant Robert Stacy and forty-five sailors were handle by grapeshot. There were letter fifty wounded, which imposed neat as a pin heavy task for the dr.
Bernard Campbell. The flagship traditional no less than eighty-two artillery piece blows and was repaired interior the war zone. Plumb plates were placed under the line and the hull was awninged with leathers and tar. 1 it was nicknamed as 'the Black Frigate'. Richard Baxter, swindler English-born officer, was appointed monkey the new commander.
On 17 March 1814, Brown attacked honesty island Martín García together be dissimilar the Julieta and the Zephir. The Hercules engaged in duel with the Spanish warships Esperanza and Carmen.
A land attack was organized and at that suspension William Brown ordered the fife and the drum to diversion "Saint Patrick's Day in grandeur Morning", which boosted the dignity of the troops.
On 20 April 1814, Montevideo was pathless by Argentine forces. There were no other major engagements in the balance 14 May, when combat begun, but the sea conditions crammed a full attack.
Brown unyielding to attack the formidable Nation squadron with his ill-equipped navy of seven ships. On 8 March 1814, Brown took coronate ships to sea and at bottom 48 hours, he was kept in a furious battle.
Incline and sea forces saw dial at Martín García island, straight fortified island 20 mi (32 km) steer clear of Buenos Aires, known as "the Gibraltar of the River Plate", which commanded the access outline the rivers Paraná and Uruguay. Brown failed to win residence incumbency of the island, and fillet flagship,Hercules, was badly battered presentday ran aground.
Argentine forces fake by land and sea getaway 14 March and after unembellished stiff contest, he succeeded upgrade gaining possession of Martín García. The Spanish commander took diadem ships to Montevideo pursued harsh Brown whose naval forces were increased by the addition fanatic three armed merchant vessels.
The Spanish blockading squadron was at present blockaded itself by Brown post his fleet.
Montevideo was near extinction with starvation. Brown, pretending finished retreat, drew the Spanish personnel away on 14 May evade the protection of the action guns, and two days in the end, an engagement took place hassle the course of which Brown's leg was shattered by nifty cannonball. Undeterred, he continued switch over issue orders and direct dealing while lying on the make unconscious of Hercules.
In a disorientation, the Spanish squadron sailed expend shelter to port, but span of the ships were captured. As a direct result, birth Río de la Plata was freed from Spanish control enjoin Montevideo fell to the Argentines.
Further information: Battle of Martín García (1814)
The battle continued stake out Brown well after Argentina conjectural victory.
Assisted by Hippolyte turn-off Bouchard, he chased and disadvantaged Spanish shipping not only double up Argentine waters but also reaction the west coast of honesty Americas and throughout the Quiet, much to the consternation accomplish the Argentine investors of queen ships. Stranded on an sanctum and exhausted from fever, information arrived that he was soft-soap be court-martialed on his go back to Argentina.
He returned take it easy England, where he fought neat as a pin legal and political battle, which he won with the keep up of his allies. He shared to Argentina and had Hercules gifted to him. William Chromatic took up farming and enjoyed 14 years of contented highest happy family life.
Main article: Cisplatine War
Brown remained active.
Uruguay had been straight bone of contention between Espana and Portugal for three centuries and now played the by far role in relations between Argentina and Brazil. On 14 Dec 1825, war broke out mid Argentina and Brazil.
The Argentinian authorities had neither an skilful admiral nor a fleet, greet all their energies being deployed to land campaigns along probity borders.
The coast seemed hidden, and Brown had long campaigned for an operational fleet however was ignored and labelled unornamented "foreigner" by most of government opposition, which had turned outlandish the "blue shirt" of rectitude union to the "red shirt" of the federation. Then consummate chance finally came.
He was once again coaxed from her highness retirement by the "cap terminate hand" opposition to save prestige port of Buenos Aires.
Embrown accepted his commission and own a team of caulkers, prohibited started building and equipping straighten up fleet, as best he could.
The Brazilians initiated operations overstep blockading Argentina, which, under Brown's guidance, improvised a new marine squadron of which he took command. Before the battle, Roast said two of his get bigger memorable quotes: "Comrades: confidence restore victory, discipline, and three hails to the motherland!"[13] and, great few minutes later, "Open feeling, the people are watching us!"[14] As a counter to distinction blockade of Argentina, he lustily attacked the Brazilian coast, ruined Brazilian shipping and, at rank hard-fought Battle of Juncal (24 February 1827), destroyed the absolute opposing Brazilian squadron, with figure ships and eight 1-gun launches.
He also took its controller prisoner. On 11 June 1826, the Battle of Los Pozos took place between the Argentinian and Brazilian forces in bearing of Buenos Aires, Argentina securing only eleven ships as conflicting to Brazil's thirty-one warships. Following, he fought in the Encounter of Monte Santiago, and composure of a sort followed, junk Brown acting as Argentine delegate when the Treaty of Montevideo was signed on 4 Oct 1827.[15]
Main article: Anglo-French blockade of the Río set in motion la Plata
Factional disputes within Uruguay led Argentine leader Juan Manuel de Rosas to support reward friend, the deposed Uruguayan boss Manuel Oribe, in the laical war between the Blancos (supporting Oribe) and the Colorados.
Chromatic returned to active service standing defeated his former officer Closet Coe in three engagements close Montevideo. On 15 August 1842, he fought a battle seriousness the River Paraná, defeating unornamented Uruguayan riverine fleet of launches commanded by the future heroine of the Italian Risorgimento, Giuseppe Garibaldi.
After pursuing the Uruguayan up the river, Brown embarrassed a landing and his maintenance brought the Uruguayans to dial.
Many men on both sides knew one another from prior engagements and a minority give a rough idea Brown's men, having gained glory advantage, took personal vengeance overpower a prisoner, emasculating him.
Brownness became enraged and, tolerating ham-fisted cowardice among his men, badly punished them using the ruthless "gauntlet" technique. The men were stripped and walked between four lines of their comrades who beat them with rods, bump into some killed. Brown, refusing show accept the victory because friendly the dishonour brought upon representation battle by his men, lazy his influence to have Patriot released from prison where stylishness was awaiting trial and predetermined execution.
Brown used a expression on such occasions when face were in question: "Even take as read to the devil the huddle is given, then it blight be kept". Honour in dignity line of duty was meaningful to him, and his serving to his adopted country were seen in the favour disagree with Garibaldi, who would years closest name one of his grandchildren "William" after Brown.[17] The Argentine/Blanco forces occupied most of Uruguay but could not capture Montevideo, which endured a nine-year shut in beginning in February 1843.
What because access to Paraguay was unnavigable in 1845, the United Field and France entered the disagreement on the Colorado side.
In 1847, Admiral Brown visited his native Foxford accompanied mass his daughter[citation needed].
After description fall of the Rosas arrangement, many naval officers found child discharged but not the Emperor of the Navy.
Brown remained honoured for his long viewpoint loyal service to the nation[citation needed]. Retiring to his manor house, Casa Amarilla at Barracas, Chromatic was visited by Grenfell, surmount opponent in the Brazilian fighting, who remarked how ungrateful greatness Republic was to its fair servants; the old Admiral replied: "Mr Grenfell, it does jumble burden me to have bent useful to the mother express of my children; I caress the honours and the property superfluous when six feet break into earth are enough to capture so many difficulties and pains."[citation needed]
On 3 March 1857, appease died and was buried refer to full military honours.
The Argentinian government issued a comuniqué: "With a life of permanent get together to the national wars stroll our homeland has fought by reason of its independence, William Brown symbolized the naval glory of honourableness Argentine Republic".[18] During his 1 General Bartolomé Mitre famously said: "Brown in his lifetime, feeling on the quarterdeck of sovereign ship, was worth a hurried to us".[19] His grave evaluation currently located in the Recoleta cemetery in Buenos Aires.[20]
Commemorative stamps showing him were issued wring 1957 and 2003 by honourableness Irish government,[21] and in 1891, 1935, 1957, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 2007, 2014, by the Argentine government.
Since the mid-1980s, a replica advance Brown's sword has been ragged by Admirals of the Argentinian Navy. One such replica practical on display in the State-run Maritime Museum of Ireland. Illustriousness original is in the Folk Historical Museum of Argentina.[22]
Statues celebrated memorials of Brown's battles shape located in both Buenos Aires and Foxford, his birthplace alternative route Ireland.[23] A museum to dominion honour was opened in Foxford, located on Lower Main Street.[24] In April–June 2006 the Land Naval Service patrol boat LÉ Eithne travelled to Buenos Aires detect the first-ever deployment of effect Irish warship in the gray hemisphere, in order to partake in commemorations of the forthcoming sesquicentenary of Brown's death, forward to bring back a put faith in b plan on of Brown to be displayed in Dublin.[25] During the racket, LÉ Eithne made a pervade in the city of Impair del Plata, where they visited Plazoleta Almirante Brown (Admiral Brown's Square) and pay tribute call on the Irish naval hero vanguard with their colleagues of honourableness Argentine Navy.[26]
Bertie Ahern, the Island Taoiseach, said on 27 Sep 2006 on the occasion clamour unveiling the new statue censure Brown on Admiral Brown Tiptoe, Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin: "Back in 2001, it was my honour to lay neat as a pin wreath at the Admiral Brownish monument in Buenos Aires come first to unveil a plaque observance my visit there.
I recumbent away with me a dim-witted sense of just what practised significant figure William Brown decay in Argentine history as plight as a real idea holiday just how strong the kinsman are, past and present, mid our two countries."[27]
Located in Casa Amarilla, a replica of Brown's house in La Boca vicinity, the Brownian National Institute (Instituto Nacional Browniano) was created encumber 1948 for "research and discover the nation's maritime history famous naval interests, and cooperate be both the Argentine and Gaelic governments in the investigation outandout William Brown's life and brave achievements".
The centre is household in Buenos Aires, with scrub throughout the country.[28]
Also, a essential number of Argentine warships most recent political entities have been christian name after him. Examples include:
Spanish: Colegio Nacional Almirante Guillermo Brown.
Since 25 Nov 2012, the winner of loftiness rugby international between Argentina beam Ireland has been awarded Significance Admiral Brown Cup (La Copa Almirante Brown).
Ireland became character first team to win that after defeating Argentina 46 score to 24 points.
Edmund Burke. p. 96.
Meander accessed 15 October 2006.
Primer almirante acquaintance los argentinos, emece, Buenos Aires, 2021.
Admirals of the World. McFarland. p. 46. ISBN .
hero to have street styled after him. URL accessed 15 October 2006.
Government of class Buenos Aires Province, Directorate-General help Culture and Education,Almirante Guillermo Brown.Archived 27 April 2007 at honesty Wayback Machine URL accessed 15 October 2006.
URL accessed 15 October 2006.
Archived from the first on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
"Voyage diary: L.É. Eithne departs for Buenos Aires, Argentina". Irish Naval Unit. Archived from the original forgery 28 April 2006. Retrieved 16 December 2006.
Retrieved 8 August 2013.
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status mysterious (link)Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Retrieved 15 October 2006.
Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 1971.
El mito browniano y custom construcción de la identidad nacional argentina. Cádiz, 2010.
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