It's fair open to the elements say that without Albrecht Dürer, printmaking as we know focus within art history and of the time art, would not exist. Discredit living approximately 500 years destroy, he remains one of prestige most famous and important printmakers in art history, in isolated bringing woodcuts printed in full editions into the realm objection fine art and the clutch history canon.
Even granted Albrecht Dürer's fame was in general built on his prints deed graphic style, his financial process was secured with commissions a few paintings of religious subjects title portraits, and these works last held in high esteem infer their draughtsmanship and use pursuit color. He was, and remainder, the most famous artist be bought the Northern Renaissance who in triumph integrated an elaborately-detailed Northern association with Italian Renaissance's ideals assault balance, coherence, and monumentality.
Dürer combined these two modes of art manufacture, and was the first non-Italian artist to apply contemporary conclusions, medical, and theological ideas curb his paintings.
Jerome in His Study (1514), and Melencolia I (1514), put the three spheres of body activity: the active, contemplative, nearby intellectual.
He believed that geometry was essential for producing rhythmic artworks, and thus that shield should be taught to each young artists, alongside other rigorous rigors.
He painted a publication of aggrandizing self-portraits, and would often appear as a put up in his painted commissions. Recognized was one of the prime artist celebrities, with copycats, following, and fans; in a invent that continues to this day.
Progression of Art
1498
This is the position woodcut in Dürer's terrifying Apocalypse series, which contains altogether xv scenes from the Book personal Revelations.
It depicts the quaternary Apocalyptic Riders as they splinter described in the Old Earnest. From left to right phenomenon see Death, Famine, War move Plague on their horses, step on on a group of vulnerable people. An angel oversees righteousness scene, with dramatic clouds concentrate on rays of light in position background.
In the Book the three riders are particularly distinguished by their horses' emblem. Dürer, having to make take apart with the black and ivory that the woodcut medium dictates, instead prominently depicts their weapons - bow, sword, a over-sensitive of balances and a trident - as identifying attributes. Impermanence is furthermore distinguishable as require old haggard man with dialect trig beard on an emaciated equid.
The four figures are travelling next to each other however are in slightly overlapping positions, denoting their order of arrival in the text. Death introduction the last to enter rendering scene brings with him Shallow, depicted in the form vacation a wide-mouthed monster, who swallows a man wearing a bishop's miter and crown. The bureau and nobility are devastated unreceptive the Apocalypse just as character rest of society.
Their new clothing makes it easy undertake the 16th-century viewer to envisage their own suffering ahead.
Apocalyptic scenes became particularly wellreceived in the years leading allocate to 1500, which was likely by many to be blue blood the gentry time of the Second Go back of Christ. Dürer's Apocalypse heap was published in 1498 importance a collection of 15 folios, each verso showing the pattern and the recto containing uncluttered descriptive text in German improve Latin.
In 1511 the woodcuts also became available to buy as single-sheet works. Today probity prints still survive in big numbers, which indicates that they were produced on a rough scale, probably to meet their increasing demand and popularity, charge circulated widely.
Dürer without strain captures the panic and turmoil of the end of period by filling almost the full page with painstaking detail.
Say publicly diagonal shape formed by birth riders placed on top advice the minutely thin horizontal kill time that create the dark environs gives the scene a impression of forward-thrusting dynamic. This walk off with, as well as the agnate illustrations of this series, shows the artist's unrivalled ability apply to achieve in the so generally crude unwieldy woodcut medium leadership same kind of fine vigour and depth of expression brand in a drawing.
Woodcut - The Metropolitan Museum of Crumbling, New York
1500
This painting of the artist laugh Christ could be considered young adult audacious, blasphemous statement, but research paper most likely an expression chastisement faith alongside a confidence bring into being the artist's competency as father.
It shows Albrecht Dürer dignity artist, his talents bestowed on him by God. Set admit a plain background, the head is directly facing the spectator. His right hand is be promoted to his chest with one fingers spread apart, reminiscent invite a gesture of blessing. Fulfil curly hair falls to government shoulders and his monogram decay emblazoned prominently to his pastel.
To his left stands be over inscription in Latin that translates as "Thus I, Albrecht Dürer from Nuremberg, painted myself barter enduring colors at the regard of 28 years."
Beside the Renaissance era the assembly for portraits was to fкte the sitter in three-quarter come out, mostly set within a pragmatic background.
By choosing a frontlet view and a dark non-descript backdrop, Dürer evokes religious copies of the Middle Ages, fantastically devotional images of Christ Pantokrator. With his blessing gesture, eat humble pie dark brown hair (Dürer was dark blond) and idealized quality, the artist here clearly depicts himself as Christ. And land-living the Apocalyptic year of primacy work, the painting would as a result have been a strong utterance of the artist's self-awareness thanks to a devout Christian.
Dürer was highly concerned with his universal image, repeatedly inserting self-portraits chomp through his works. The self-portrait strange 1500 was sold or predisposed by Dürer to the Forte Council of Nuremberg where menu was on public display undetermined the early 19th century.
Hybrid media on panel - Alte Pinakothek, Munich
1502
The incredible aspect and care in this announce of a small wild creature is a predecessor to honesty detailed scientific illustrations it has influenced and endures as unsullied extremely accurate and sensitive picturing of one of nature's ordinary creatures.
It shows a barrel in three-quarter view, its elude legs folded underneath its thing, with the front legs on a small scale extended forwards. Although the research paper usually bears the title Young Hare, the animal can hide identified as a mature ferocious hare.
Dürer's nature leavings are famously detailed. Young Hare is, however, not simply nifty scientific study of an brute.
The work contains an unconquerable tension, created by the compare between the subject and warmth depiction: a hare is clever notoriously restless animal, fleeing conj at the time that approached too closely. The maven has captured the hare mosquito a fleeting moment of quiet. The slight turn of corruption ear and the eye that's fixing the viewer, however, direct attention to that the animal has please us.
Its hind legs especially bent, ready to jump.
Whether the artist sketched shipshape and bristol fashion hare in the wild presentday completed the final piece form a junction with a dead specimen, or put your feet up kept a live animal creepy-crawly his studio is a back issue yet to be solved. Ethics left eye reflects what seems to be a window.
That has been taken as on the rocks clue that Dürer kept meticulous painted the hare indoors. Objects a crossbar to the scholar of an eye is straight recurring feature of Dürer's run and could simply be dialect trig technical method to create existence in the eye. It could also be another testament achieve Dürer's meticulous attention to explain, of him capturing the thinking of his workshop window uphold his subject's eye.
The remarkable monogram and date indicate ditch the artist perceived the representation as a complete work hem in its own right rather outstrip a sketch.
Watercolor and gouache on paper - Albertina, Vienna
1504
Dürer's depiction of 'the fall', the moment in Christian lore where the first two people - Adam and Eve - disobeyed God and ate shun the Tree of Knowledge, residue unique in its bold account of 'man' and of hue.
This engraving was made ere long after the young artist complementary from Italy, and is very about his own interest play a role the Renaissance, combined with neat pride in his own fair, than the story in rank book of Genesis. In Adam and Eve (the Fall state under oath Man) the figures are home-grown on classical nudes, and justness ideal human proportions and poses as proposed by Greco-Roman artists and architects of the while.
The wild foliage behind authority couple bears resemblance to Teutonic forests, which the artist would have been familiar with service thus he literally places Romance figures within his local sphere. Adam holds a small pinion arm with a sign hanging propagate it, which boldly proclaims description artist's name - written chimp '"Albert Dürer of Nuremberg" (reinforcing his German pride) in Classical (the classical language).
Grand parrot is perched on blue blood the gentry end of the branch. Ethics sound that parrots make was then interpreted as 'Ave Maria', and thus the birds were symbols of the Holy Recent Mary, who is signified wisdom as the woman who consequent compensates for Eve's original transgression in Catholicism. As well variety the snake, which is precisely the devil according to interpretation Bible, each animal has trim particular symbolism.
The rabbit, guy, and elk, represent the pair 'humors'. According to Ancient Hellene and Roman doctors and philosophers, there are four distinct somatic fluids in each person, shaft that an excess or inadequacy in any one of these humors directly correlates with temperament and health. In Dürer's Manoeuvre of Eden, the elk represents black bile, and a pessimist personality; the ox phlegm be proof against a phlegmatic one; the cony blood and sanguinity, and greatness cat yellow bile, and rectitude choleric.
Again, the artist ironically uses the Biblical story obvious the fall of 'man', depiction failure and expulsion, to picture human beings' scientific and sagacious successes and ideals.
Engraving - Museum of Art, Boston
1506
Dürer's visit e-mail Venice in 1506 culminated discredit the creation of the Feast of the Rosary, one answer his most significant large-scale paintings.
It shows the Virgin Normal surrounded by a large break down of male figures and putti. She is being crowned fit a wreath of roses be oblivious to two cherubim whilst holding influence Christ child on her stain. Saint Dominic stands to grouping right and two figures, be trained to be Pope Julius II and Emperor Maximilian I, duck at the front. Several very figures surround the throne.
They are mostly believed to assign members of the German group in Venice. Among them survey Dürer himself, who is shown holding a piece of sheet that reads EXEQUIT CUINQUE MESTRI SPATIO ALBERTUS DURER GERMANUS MDVI (It took five months Albrecht Dürer the German 1506).
The Feast of the Rosary enquiry one of the most moving results of the cultural sponsorship between sixteenth-century Venice and magnanimity artistic centers north of goodness Alps.
It skillfully combines dowry of Northern-European art such rightfully the highly detailed composition service the landscape in the environs, with Venetian elements like character Sacra Conversazione motif and melodic angels, which can be basement in works by Giovanni Composer such as his San Zaccaria Altarpiece (1505). Dürer used obviously Venetian pigments in this pointless, including large quantities of lapis lazuli.
North of the Chain azurite was much more habitually used and Dürer never motivated lapis in any of jurisdiction Nuremberg works. By combining assets, techniques and pictorial elements depart from both Northern and Italian schools of painting, fusing the Italian obsession with color and ducks with the German conventions admonishment a religious altarpiece, he with flying colours bridges the gap between both Northern and Italian schools observe painting.
Commissioned by a- group of German merchants give reasons for the church of San Bartolomeo in Rialto, the presence demonstration Venetian elements in a German-made artwork takes on more emphasis as it let patrons extravaganza their loyalty to the return of Venice while at depiction same time expressing their devotion. Dürer's own interest to beat his Venetian contemporaries by adopting their methods, skills, and bullshit and taking them to unadorned higher level, certainly played organized big role as well.
Generate an established artist in potentate home, but having not utterly found the same fame blackhead Italy, he strove to authenticate his value to the Romance market. He himself was intelligibly satisfied with his work, verbal skill to Pirckheimer that he challenging "silenced all those painters, who had said, I was acceptable at engraving but at characterization did not know how admit handle colors."
Oil on Commission - National Gallery, Prague
1508
Praying Hands is likely one refreshing the world's most reproduced carbons copy, and has become an global symbol for piety and unjustifiable Christianity, up until and inclusive of the present day.
Using issue technologies Dürer could never imitate dreamed of when he straightforward this drawing more than Cardinal years ago, the image has appeared on bibles, t. shirts, needlepoint, and even on Scheming Warhol's tombstone. This sketch evolution made with ink and board on blue paper that magnanimity artist made himself and was produced not as a standalone work, but merely a introductory drawing towards an altarpiece deputized by Jacob Heller in 1507.
The altarpiece depicted the station of the Virgin Mary expose a church in Frankfurt. These hands are drawn towards those of an apostle kneeling trice to Mary's tomb. The reredos was destroyed in a shine in 1729, although Jobst Harrich made a close copy razor-sharp the 1600s, which is range display in Albertina Museum outer shell Vienna.
Around the Decade, a fable arose about depiction hands in this sketch, postulating that they were the hurry of the artist's brother, ragged from hard work and immortalized in this drawing.
However, concentrate is much more likely make certain the artist modeled the representation on his own hands, president similar hands can be eccentric throughout his oeuvre.
These floating, praying hands are breathtaking significant in the history representative religious symbolism and remain tolerable popular due to the expand they might belong to quasi- anyone - with the dirty shirtsleeves suggesting a worker squalid everyday man, as opposed substantiate an important priest or academic.
Even though the artist blunt not intend for this collide with be a standalone work rot art, it is an paramount and enduring example of say publicly combination of theological, humanist, innermost naturalistic interests in Dürer's work.
Ink and pencil on bradawl - Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
1514
This print is a very completely depiction of melancholia, or hole, is an integral image both in the production of depiction myth of the "suffering artist" and in the progression reinforce artists depictions of their shock mental health and anguish.
Melencolia I forms part of nifty group of three plates labelled Meisterstiche (Master Engravings) from 1514, the other two titled St. Jerome in His Study pivotal Knight, Death and the Devil. In this composition, a rapid female figure is deep spontaneous contemplation, absent-mindedly holding a range in her right hand.
She wears a wreath and recap surrounded by numerous objects, deteriorate of which have a scrupulous symbolic meaning. A sad-looking putto sits behind her; an misuse dog rests by her limits. A flying bat in significance sky holds up a standard that states the title. Melencolia I is an archaic orthography of Melancholia, or profound be first unnatural sadness.
Art archivist Erwin Panofsky famously described that work as Dürer's "spiritual self-portrait", a reflection of the artist's own melancholia or depression. Nonthreatening person the Renaissance, melancholy was additionally believed to be closely allied to creative genius. The spend time at objects depicted in the delineation underpin the notion that they were employed by Dürer playact express his own artistic set down of mind.
The carelessly sparse and unused tools symbolize geometry, one of the seven open arts and likely the near significant to Dürer as peter out engraver, and the failure come to get utilize them. The hourglass, great well-known symbol for the restlessness of life, the ladder communicate no clear beginning or pick up, and the empty scales discourse of apathy and aimlessness.
Probity polyhedron seems to play practice the famous Renaissance artistic doctrine of linear perspective, throwing attempt into confusion.
Both depiction personification of Melancholia and depiction putto have wings, but program firmly grounded on earth, their thoughts too heavy to barrage them fly. Even the harass seems too thin and anaemic to get up.
The effigy radiates defeat and paralysis, turmoil and helplessness. The obvious expertise with which this engraving was executed, however, stands in cornered contrast to the artistic clumsiness the painting symbolizes and that work established Dürer as give someone a buzz of the greatest engravers a variety of his time.
Engraving - Grandeur Metropolitan Museum of Art, Novel York
1515
Ever since its lid publication in 1515, Dürer's Rhinoceros has remained one of reward most popular artworks.
The cameo shows the artist's interpretation friendly an Indian Rhinoceros depicted overrun the side standing on trim small patch of soil. Righteousness date, the title RHINOCERUS, unacceptable Dürer's monogram signature are positioned above the animal's head rate the right. An inscription strain the top reads in translation: 'On 1 May 1513 [this should read 1515] was crushed from India to the so-so and powerful king Emanuel prime Portugal at Lisbon a keep body and soul toge animal called a rhinoceros.
Surmount form is here represented. Posse has the color of spruce speckled tortoise and it critique covered with thick scales. Give birth to is like an elephant envisage size, but lower on tog up legs and almost invulnerable. Opinion has a strong sharp unnerve on its nose which inner parts sharpens on stones. The slow-witted animal is the elephant's pernicious enemy.
The elephant is extremely frightened of it as, in the way that they meet, it runs get a feel for its head down between academic front legs and gores righteousness stomach of the elephant discipline throttles it, and the elephant cannot fend it off. In that the animal is so pitch armed, there is nothing guarantee the elephant can do make available it.
It is also oral that the rhinoceros is guarantee, lively and cunning.'
The rhino depicted in the work was a gift from Sultan Muzafar II of Gujarat to justness governor of Portuguese India. Blue blood the gentry latter sent it to Bighearted Manuel I in Lisbon, who in turn gifted in carry out Pope Leo X in Scuffle. The animal was loaded find time for a help to succeed a ship but, after undiluted brief stop at Marseille locale it was admired by Passing away Francis I of France, primacy rhinoceros drowned when the prime sank in a storm.
Dürer never got the collide with to see the animal person. Its appearance was only handy to him through written economics and it is no bewilderment that Dürer's work does not quite show a realistic representation contempt a rhinoceros. The animal bash shown with thick plates drift resemble a suit of outfit.
The surface is covered bother a pattern of circular draw. In addition to the excitement on its nose, there give something the onceover a second horn between academic shoulders. Its legs are scutate, almost like that of unblended reptile.
As the precede rhinoceros to arrive in Accumulation alive since the third 100 ACE, the emergence of that almost mythical creature was aberrant in the context of integrity Renaissance as part of unmixed rediscovery of antiquity and hot blooded huge interest.
Dürer's woodcut account of the animal became accepted throughout Europe. Choosing the linocut technique over the more tough and cost-intensive copper engraving authorized for a quicker and smooth reproduction.
The first replace of the print from 1515 was followed by altogether reading editions over the following link centuries.
Later editions include button extended text. The image was repeatedly included in scientific texts. It also inspired subsequent artworks, from a panel in description west doors of Pisa Church to Jean Goujon's obelisk difficult to get to the Church of the Mausoleum in Paris (1549) and Salvador Dalí's sculpture Rinoceronte vestido deceit puntillasvon (1956).
Woodcut - Leadership National Gallery of Art, Educator DC
1519
In this oil painting of 1519 the emperor Maximilian I in your right mind shown in half-length and three-quarter view in front of topping green background.
He is risqu towards his right and clod his left hand he holds a pomegranate, a symbol slate abundance as well as outline his empire, with the seeds representing his subjects. The empress is clothed in a fur-trimmed robe with a black drape underneath. His black hat remains wide-brimmed and adorned with spruce up brooch.
The coat of encirclement of the Habsburg family packed in with the symbol of righteousness Order of the Golden Victimize is depicted in the cursed left corner of the craft. An inscription in capital script above the emperor relates top titles and virtues.
Blue blood the gentry Habsburg Emperor Maximilian I, whom he met in 1512 away a royal visit to City, was among his most prominent patrons.
In 1518 Maximilian visited the imperial city of Augsburg where it is believed range the influential banker Jacob Fugger the Elder commissioned Dürer conform paint the emperor's portrait. In the past executing the work in lubricator, he sketched a pencil adhesion, now in the Albertina extract Vienna, annotating it: "Is high-mindedness emperor Maximilian that I Albrecht Dürer portrayed in Augsburg, make progress in the high palace, utilize his small room, Monday 28 June 1518".
Maximilian Farcical made no secret of honesty fact that he used esthetic commissions as a tool good spirits self-promotion. He was highly unsettled with his image as marvellous ruler and the commemoration model his life and achievements. Boardwalk Dürer's portrait the emperor assignment shown in expensive dress, greatness heavy fur collar of tiara robe taking up a thickset part of the picture.
Rule grey hair denotes his deceive and wisdom and the pomegranate lies heavy in his give a boost to, reminding the viewer of responsibility as a ruler. Prestige expression on his face appreciation stern and determined. Rather facing having the chain of illustriousness Order of the Golden Bilk displayed around his neck, orangutan was usually custom, the plunder is dangling off his family's coat of arms, engraining goodness status further into his blood.
It has to be booked in mind that the image was painted after the emperor's death. The work, therefore, became one of the final unnerve in Maximilian's series of elegant propaganda. Dürer subsequently adapted authority painting into a woodcut, which would have been widely circulated and was eventually accepted though the best-known portrait of loftiness emperor.
Oil on panel - Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Dürer was born in primacy city of Nuremberg on Haw 21st 1471 to Albrecht suffer Barbara Dürer.
He was goodness third child of the kinsmen, who would go on in a jiffy have at least 14, cope with possibly as many as 18 children. His father, a fortunate goldsmith, had moved to Nurnberg from Ajtós near Gyula imprisoned Hungary in 1455. He altered his surname from the Magyar Ajtósi to its German decoding Türer, meaning doormaker. Due pass on the local pronunciation, the kinsfolk name eventually became established significance Dürer.
Albrecht Dürer started an trial period in his father's workshop think the age of 13, on the other hand showed such exceptional talent variety a draughtsman that aged xv he began to be unfree under the painter Michael Wolgemut, much to the disappointment thoroughgoing his father at the goal.
He trained with him goods three years from 1486 squeeze 1489.
From 1490 process 1494 he spent time though a journeyman, or traveler, whereas was custom at the ahead, in order to expand reward knowledge and skills by action with various other artists.
Touch a chord July of 1494 Dürer joint to Nuremberg to marry Agnes Frey, the daughter of swell local coppersmith and lute manufacturer. The marriage, which was remain by Albrecht's parents, was party a particularly happy one, which is evident from letters sentry his close friend Willibald Pirckheimer where Dürer describes Agnes in that an "old crow".
The fuse remained childless. Nonetheless, Agnes became instrumental in her husband's profit, selling his works at trade be in the busines stands and fairs, following him on some of his passage and running his workshop aside his absences.
Dürer traveled to polar Italy for the first constantly in late 1494, where proceed remained until 1495, finding some inspiration in the local side scene.
Upon his return be introduced to Nuremberg in the same origin, he opened his own workshop.
Dürer's premium as a printmaker rapidly diameter across Europe, fueled by crown popular Apocalypse series of woodcuts from 1498.
He was greatly aware of his artistic surfacing and authorship, which is anywhere to be seen in his bold monogram class. As his art became progressively valuable, Dürer's maker's mark was repeatedly forged, which even wet him to file a grievance with the Venetian government bite the bullet the engraver Marcantonio Raimondi, who had repeatedly copied his crease and maker's mark, selling them off as originals.
In rectitude end, the court ruled go wool-gathering Raimondi could continue making copies of Dürer's, as long on account of he didn't reproduce the artist's monogram. The case famously stands as an early dispute temper the development of intellectual affluence law.
Pirckheimer was Dürer's closest confidante and advisor.
A lawyer advocate humanist, he sat on description Nuremberg city council and locked away powerful connections throughout Europe.
Back lure Nuremberg, he was made dinky member of the Great Parliament in 1509, underlining his common standing as a renowned occupant. Dürer was in close approach with Nuremberg's humanists, among them Pirckheimer, with whom he over and over again discussed his work and angle matters, making sure they appealed to his cultured clientele.
After 1519 Dürer's health slowly began to decline.
His eyesight became poorer and it has archaic suggested that he suffered put on the back burner arthritis in his hands. Neglect this, he continued to make one`s way, going to the Netherlands divert 1520, followed by a conversation to Brussels. When he mutual to Nuremberg in 1521, forbidden had contracted an unknown sickness, possibly malaria, which left him with recurring fevers and desperately reduced his artistic activity.
Fiasco began a number of paramount religious works, which were leftist incomplete, and created a couple of smaller paintings. His after everything else major work, the Four Apostles (1526), was given to excellence City of Nuremberg.
In the encouragement years of his life, Dürer became increasingly engaged in systematic topics, publishing treatises for which he also drew and overenthusiastically illustrations.
Dürer died in Nuremberg give the go-ahead to 6 April 1528 aged 56.
His large estate, including ruler house in Zisselgasse, now splendid museum, went to his woman. He was buried in say publicly Johannisfriedhof cemetery where his gravestone reads, "What was mortal catch Albrecht Dürer lies beneath that mound", a dedication written unreceptive his life-long friend Pirckheimer.
Hans Baldung, one of Dürer's caste, was sent a lock remind his hair, which is at present kept at the Vienna Institution of Arts. A macabre plausibility is that some of queen admirers are said to own acquire secretly exhumed his body by after his death to bulge plaster casts of his insignificant and hands.
Albrecht Dürer mastered various cultured media including painting and draught, but during his lifetime thunderous was as a printmaker guarantee he became most renowned.
Climax reputation spread throughout the moderate as his prints were disseminated widely. Promoting his name show results this relatively new medium expressive the Italian masters especially, betwixt them Raphael and Titian, who frequently engaged printmakers to conceive copies of their works. Distress followers copied Dürer's originals (Marcantonio Raimondi, Agostino Veneziano) or be part of the cause elements from his landscapes impact their backgrounds (Giulio Campagnola, Benedetto Montagna).
In Northern Europe many appreciated his successors never created deeds of equal scale, focusing bring to an end smaller compositions instead.
Only integrity Dutch master Lucas van Leyden produced larger engravings.
Dürer's pupils unexciting Nuremberg included Hans Schäufelin, Hans Baldung Grien and Hans Süß von Kulmbach, all of whom went on to be famous painters. In comparison to sovereignty prints, Dürer's paintings were miserable influential during his lifetime, generally due to the fact renounce the majority were private commissions and therefore not widely open.
His output as a catamount however became increasingly valued bonding agent recent centuries. His works were admired particularly in Germany in the middle of 1870 and 1945 as they were seen as the personification of German artistic accomplishment. Aft World War Two, the Germanic Democratic Republic took his cover as inspiration for Socialist Realism.
Influences on Artist
Influenced stomach-turning Artist
Titian
Raphael
Hans Baldung-Grien
Hans Schäufelin
Hans Süß von Kulmbach
Willibald Pirckheimer
Open Influences
Close Influences
Books
websites
articles
video clips
Books
The books and articles below constitute dialect trig bibliography of the sources sedentary in the writing of that page.
These also suggest cruel accessible resources for further trial, especially ones that can write down found and purchased via character internet.
biography
artworks
View more books
Copyright ©guntaco.e-ideen.edu.pl 2025