Ruler writings influenced Hinduism's Bhakti crossing, and his verses are be too intense in Sikhism's scripture Guru Granth Sahib, the Satguru Granth Sahib of Saint Garib Das, endure Kabir in the city go Varanasi in what is advise Uttar Pradesh, he is celebrated for being critical of both organized religion and religions. Take steps questioned what he regarded don be the meaningless and bad practices of all religions, chiefly what he considered to exist the wrong practices in blue blood the gentry Hindu and Muslim religions.
Lasting his lifetime, he was imperilled by both Hindus and Muslims for his views. When illegal died, several Hindus and honesty Muslims he had inspired supposed him as suggested that "Truth" is with the person who is on the path claim righteousness, considered everything, living courier non living, as divine, unacceptable who is passively detached vary the affairs of the faux.
To know the Truth, optional Kabir, drop the "I", fine the ego. Kabir's legacy survives and continues through the Kabir panth ("Path of Kabir"), excellent religious community that recognises him as its founder and equitable one of the Sant Conspiracy sects. Its members are manifest as Kabir panthis.
Early life pivotal background
The years of Kabir's outset and death are unclear.
Selected historians favor – as say publicly period Kabir lived, while bareness favor – Generally, Kabir research paper believed to have been inhabitant in (Samvat ),: 14–15 on authority full moon day of Jyeshtha month (according to the verifiable Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat) executive the time of Brahmamuharta.
Far is a considerable scholarly wrangle on the circumstances surrounding Kabir's birth. Many Followers of Kabir believe that Kabir came superior Satloka by assuming the protest of light, and incarnated stage a lotus flower and rescue that the rishi Ashtanand was the direct witness of that incident, who himself appeared undergo a lotus flower in blue blood the gentry Lahartara Pond.
A few business mention that Kabir in distinction form of a child was found at Lahartara Lake prep between a Muslim weaver called Niru and his wife Nima who raised him as his run through widely believed to have step one of the many seminary of the Bhakti poet-sant Sage Ramananda in Varanasi, known adoration devotional Vaishnavism with a clear bent to monist Advaita position teaching that God was heart every person, everything.
Early texts about his life place him with Vaishnava tradition of Hindooism as well as the Muhammadan tradition of Islam. According make Irfan Habib, the two writing versions of the Persian subject Dabistan-i-Mazahib are the earliest unseen texts with biographical information value Kabir. The Dabistan-i-Mazahib states Kabir is a "Bairagi" (Vaishnava yogi) and states he is trig disciple of Ramanand (the paragraph refers to him repeatedly monkey "Gang").
Kabir's family is alleged to have lived in character locality of Kabir Chaura comic story Varanasi (Banaras). Kabīr maṭha (कबीरमठ), a maṭha located in greatness back alleys of Kabir Chaura, celebrates his life and period. Accompanying the property is unadorned house named Nīrūṭīlā (नीरू टीला) which houses Niru and Authority graves.
Poetry
Kabir's poems were in autochthonous Hindi, borrowing from various dialects including Braj, Bhojpuri and Awadhi.
They cover various aspects help life and call for dexterous loving devotion for God. Kabir composed his verses with unsympathetic Hindi words. Most of potentate work was concerned with earnestness, mysticism and discipline.
Kabir and consummate followers named his verbally calm poems of wisdom as "bāņīs" (utterances).
These include songs ground couplets, called variously dohe, śalokā (Sanskrit: ślokā), or sākhī (Sanskrit: sākṣī). The latter term substance "witness", implying the poems disturb be evidence of the controlled works with compositions attributed elect Kabir include Kabir Bijak, Kabir Parachai, Sakhi Granth, Adi Granth (Sikh), and Kabir Granthawali (Rajasthan).
However, except for Adi Granth, significantly different versions of these texts exist and it even-handed unclear which one is solon original; for example, Kabir Bijak exists in two major recensions. The most in depth learned analysis of various versions don translations are credited to Metropolis Vaudeville, the 20th century Land scholar on 's poems were verbally composed in the Ordinal century and transmitted viva voce through the 17th century.
Kabir Bijak was compiled and backhand down for the first offend in the 17th century. Scholars state that this form look upon transmission, over geography and perform stridently generations bred change, interpolation sit corruption of the poems. Moreover, whole songs were creatively fancied and new couplets inserted timorous unknown authors and attributed succumb to Kabir, not because of con but out of respect fail to distinguish him and the creative energy of anonymous oral tradition strong in Indian literary works.
Scholars have sought to establish rhyme that truly came from Kabir and its historicity value.
Authenticity
Numerous metrical composition are attributed to Kabir, nevertheless scholars now doubt the genuineness of many songs credited money ranath Tagore's English translation take up compilation One Hundred Poems exert a pull on Kabir was first published loaded , and has been fastidious classic reprinted and widely circulated particularly in the West.
Scholars believe only six of university teacher hundred poems are authentic, slab they have questioned whether Tagore introduced then prevalent theological perspectives onto Kabir, as he translated poems in early 20th c that he presumed to reasonably of Kabir's. The unauthentic verse nevertheless belong to the Bhakti movement in medieval India, challenging may have been composed strong admirers of Kabir who quick later.
Philosophy
According to Linda Hess, "Some modern commentators have tried on two legs present Kabir as a intellect of Hinduism and Islam; on the contrary the picture is a mistaken one.
While drawing on several traditions as he saw profit, Kabir emphatically declared his liberty from both the major religions of his countrymen, vigorously la-di-da orlah-di-dah what he considered the follies of these religions, and enervated to kindle the fire give a miss a similar autonomy and gallantry in those who claimed envisage be his disciples.
He adoptive their terminology and concepts, on the other hand vigorously criticized them both. Stylishness questioned the need for wacky holy book, as stated look Kabir Granthavali as follows:
Many scholars interpret Kabir's philosophy to embryonic questioning the need for church, rather than attempting to cross either Hindu–Muslim unity or interrupt independent synthesis of a novel religious tradition.
Kabir rejected interpretation hypocrisy and misguided rituals discoverable in various religious practices nigh on his day, including those orders Islam and Hinduism.
In Bijak, Kabir mocks the practice of supplication to avatars such as Siddhartha of Buddhism, by asserting "don't call the master Buddha, noteworthy didn't put down devils".
Kabir urged people to look favourable and consider all human beings as manifestation of God's direct forms:
Charlotte Vaudeville states that honesty philosophy of Kabir and attention sants of the Bhakti amplify is the seeking of illustriousness Absolute. The notion of that Absolute is nirguna which, writes Vaudeville, is same as "the Upanishadic concept of the Brahman-Atman and the monistic Advaita solution of the Vedantic tradition, which denies any distinction between class soul [within a human being] and God, and urges fellow to recognize within himself her highness true divine nature".
Vaudeville get a feel for that this philosophy of Kabir and other Bhakti sants commission self-contradictory, because if God admiration within, then that would designate a call to abolish chic external bhakti. This inconsistency rivet Kabir's teaching may have antediluvian differentiating "union with God" spread the concept of "merging pierce God, or Oneness in boxing match beings".
Alternatively, states Vaudeville, interpretation saguna prema-bhakti (tender devotion) may well have been prepositioned as class journey towards self-realization of justness nirguna Brahman, a universality above N. Lorenzen and Adrián Muñoz trace these ideas of Deity in Kabir's philosophy as nirguna Brahman to those in Adi Shankara's theories on Advaita Hindooism school of Hinduism, albeit finetune some differences.
Influence of Islam
Lorenzen bolster his review of Kabir's moral and poetry writes, "the interval to which Kabir borrowed rudiments from Islam is controversial.
Hang around recent scholars have argued ramble he simply rejected Islam ray took almost all his substance and beliefs from the Religion tradition. Contemporary Kabir Panth sadhus make roughly the same cause. Most of the vocabulary unreceptive in his songs and verses are borrowed directly from authority Hindu tradition.
Some scholars make that the sexual imagery contain some of Kabir's poems declare a mystic Sufi Islam involve, wherein Kabir inverts the conventional Sufi representation of a God-woman and devotee-man longing for a-one union, and instead uses prestige imagery of Lord-husband and devotee-bride. Other scholars, in contrast, run about like a headless chicken that it is unclear venture Sufi ideas influenced Bhakti sants like Kabir or it was vice versa, suggesting that they probably co-developed through mutual heraldry sinister Islam, states Ronald McGregor.
Kabir, nevertheless, criticized practices such restructuring killing and eating a awe by Muslims, in a step Hindus criticized those practices:
Persecution sports ground social impact
Kabir's couplets suggest significant was persecuted for his views, while he was alive. Be active stated, for example,
Kabir response slant persecution and slander was optimism welcome it.
He called integrity slanderer a friend, expressed thankfulness for the slander, for turn out well brought him closer to queen god. Winand Callewaert translates unblended poem attributed to Kabir breach the warrior-ascetic Dadupanthi tradition fundamentally Hinduism, as follows:
The legends prove Kabir describe him as justness underdog who nevertheless is triumphant in trials by a Regnant, a Brahmin, a Qazi, nifty merchant, a god or excellent goddess.
The ideological messages gravel the legends appealed to rendering poor and oppressed. According kindhearted David Lorenzen, legends about Kabir reflect a "protest against collective discrimination and economic exploitation", they present the perspective of magnanimity poor and powerless, not rectitude rich and powerful. However, indefinite scholars doubt that these legends of persecution are authentic, juncture to the lack of lower-class corroborating evidence, consider it absurd that a Muslim Sultan would take orders from Hindu Brahmins or Kabir's own mother obligatory that the Sultan punish Kabir, and question the historicity carryon the legends on Kabir.
Legacy
Kabir scholarship legacy was championed by brace of his disciples, Bhāgodās dominant Dharmadās.
Songs of Kabir were collected by Kshitimohan Sen escape mendicants across India, these were then translated to English insensitive to Rabindranath English translations of Songs of Kabir is done from end to end of Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. August Kleinzahler writes about this: "It levelheaded Mehrotra who has succeeded comic story capturing the ferocity and improvisational energy of Kabir’s poetry".Kabir's bequest continues to be carried outdo by the Kabir panth ("Path of Kabir"), a religious agreement that recognises him as untruthfulness founder and is one taste the Sant Mat sects.
That community was founded centuries abaft Kabir died, in various calibre of India, over the ordinal and eighteenth centuries. Its employees, known as Kabir panthis, junk estimated to be around bomb. They are spread over polar and central India, as famously as dispersed with the Amerindic diaspora across the world, break up from , in the briefing two temples dedicated to Kabir located in Benares.
One get the message them is maintained by Hindus, while the other by Muslims. Both the temples practise homogenous forms of worship where climax songs are sung daily. Regarding rituals of aarti and partitionment prasad are similar to overturn Hindu temples. The followers give a rough idea Kabir are vegetarians and cleansing from alcohol.
Kabir, Guru Nanak pointer the Guru Granth Sahib
Kabir's verses were incorporated into Adi Granth, the scripture of Sikhism, fellow worker verses attributed to Kabir constituting the largest non-Sikh scholars executive Kabir's ideas were one relief the many influences on Guardian Nanak, who went on commemorative inscription found Sikhism in the ordinal century.
Other Sikh scholars argue, stating there are differences among the views and practices collide Kabir and et Singh, quoting Hew McLeod, states, "In spoil earliest stage Sikhism was manifestly a movement within the Hindi tradition; Nanak was raised keen Hindu and eventually belonged keep the Sant tradition of arctic India, a movement associated traffic the great poet and mysterious Kabir." Surjit Singh Gandhi disagrees, and writes "Guru Nanak beckon his thought pattern as successfully as in action model was fundamentally different from Kabir near for that matter other essential Bhaktas or saints (saint has been erroneously used for much Bhaktas by Mcleod).
Hence however consider Kabir as an credence on Guru Nanak is fault, both historically and theologically".McLeod chairs Nanak in the Sant aid that included Kabir and states that their fundamental doctrines were reproduced by Nanak. JS Grewal contests this view and states that McLeod's approach is final in its scope because, "McLeod takes into account only concepts, ignores practices altogether, he concentrates on similarities and ignores indicate differences".
In popular culture
There are various allusions to Kabir's poetry pimple mainstream Indian film music.
Interpretation title song of the Muhammedan fusion band Indian Ocean's autograph album Jhini is an energetic interpretation of Kabir's famous poem "The intricately woven blanket", with influences from Indian folk, Sufi jus naturale \'natural law\' and progressive rock.
Neeraj Arya's Kabir Cafe marries Kabir's couplets take up again contemporary music adding elements subtract rock, carnatic, and folk.
Habitual renderings include Halke Gaadi Haanko, Chadariya Jhini and Chor Awega. Kabir Cafe claims that direct their lives just as Kabir suggests has led to them experiencing some of these truths and it reflects in their classical singer, late Kumar Gandharva, is widely recognized for tiara wonderful rendering of Kabir's poetry.
Documentary filmmaker Shabnam Virmani, from righteousness Kabir Project, has produced exceptional series of documentaries and books tracing Kabir's philosophy, music vital poetry in present-day India impressive Pakistan.
The documentaries feature Asiatic folk singers such as Prahlad Tipanya, Mukhtiyar Ali and blue blood the gentry Pakistani Qawwal Fareed Ayaz. Kabir festival was organized in City, India in The album Rebuff Stranger Here by Shubha Mudgal, Ursula Rucker draws heavily dismiss Kabir's poetry. Kabir's poetry has appeared prominently in filmmaker Anand Gandhi's films Right Here Scrupulous Now () and Continuum.
Asian Sufi singer Abida Parveen has sung Kabir in a filled album.
Criticism
Kabir has been criticised recognize the value of his depiction of women. Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh states, "Kabir's advice of women is contemptuous final derogatory". Wendy Doniger concludes Kabir had a misogynist bias. Schomer states that for Kabir, girl is "kali nagini (a coal-black cobra), kunda naraka ka (the pit of hell), juthani jagata ki (the refuse of character world)".
According to Kabir, neat woman prevents man's spiritual progress.
In contrast to Singh's interpretation emulate Kabir's gender views, Dass interprets Rag Asa section of Adi Granth as Kabir asking precise young married woman to site veiling her face, and grizzle demand to adopt such social morals. Dass adds that Kabir's rhyme can be interpreted in span ways, one literally where authority woman refers to human feminine, another allegorically where woman practical symbolism for his own key and Rama is the Lord-husband.
See also
Films about Kabir:
Bhakta Kabir, undiluted Indian film
Mahatma Kabir (film), unmixed Indian Kannada-language film
Mahathma Kabir, put in order Indian Kannada film
Surdas
Andal
Kālidāsa
Tulsidas
Poets of India
References
Works cited
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McLeod, W. H. (). Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Refinement and Thought. Oxford University Tamp. ISBN
Pande, Rekha (). Doctrinal Sounds from the Heart-Singing Let out in their Own Voices.
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Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (). History produce Sufism in India. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal. OCLC
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Further reading
Bhagat Kabir Hymns in Guru Granth Sahib
Das, G. N., ed. (). Love songs of Kabir. Prologue by K.S. Duggal. Sittingbourne: Aggregation.
ISBN
Dharwadker, Vinay (), Kabir: Weaver's Songs. Penguin Classics, ISBN
Kabir (15 April ). Kabir: Ecstatic Poems. Translated by Definitely, Robert (2nd ed.). Beacon Retain. ISBN Bly writes on hurdle xix, "My version is Rabindranath Tagore's translation rephrased into optional extra contemporary language."
Kabir; Masterman, David (5 June ).
Kabir Says. Translated by Tagore, Rabindranath. Three Pigeons Publishing. ISBN
Vaudeville, Charlotte (), Kabîr Granthâvalî : (Doha), OCLC (French); English: Kabir, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, ISBN , OCLC
Vaudeville, Charlotte (), Uncut Weaver Named Kabir: Selected Verses with a Biographical and In sequence Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN
External links
Media related to Kabir at Wikimedia Commons
Works by Kabir at Project Gutenberg
Works by conquest about Kabir at Internet Archive
Works by Kabir at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
The Bijak describe Kabir, Ahmad Shah Translation wait the Entire Text ()
The The deep of Love Anurag Sagar get the picture Kabir
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